Carl Jung s Theory Of Collective Unconscious - 901 Words

Villa 1 Jesus Villa Professor Carrera World Class Literature 4351 09 December 2015 Essay 3 For my last and final essay of this semester I chose to answer questions number five, six and seven. I simply chose these series of questions due to the fact that I’ve had all of the Freud I could possibly take for one semester. All the questions I’ve selected are involving Carl Jung and not Sigmund Freud. To begin with my essay let’s start with question number five which asks to explain Jung’s notion of â€Å"collective unconscious†. I very strongly believe that Jung’s concept of collective unconscious is mainly based on his personal experiences with people who suffer from schizophrenia which he gained form when he worked with them at the Burgholzli hospital. At first Jung chose to follow the Freudian theory of unconscious, but later on Jung eventually chose to go down his own path and decided to develop his own theory on unconscious which would feature totally new concepts. Most importantly being the archetype. Archetypes constitute the structure of the collective unconscious, which are the psychic innate dispositions to experience and represent the basic human behavior and situations. For example, Mother and child relationship which is mainly governed by the mother archetype. The Father and child relationship is mainly governed by the Father archetype. Birth, death, power and failure are controlled by archetypes. Villa 2 The religious and mystique experiences are also governedShow MoreRelatedCritique Of Carl Jung s Theory Of The Collective Unconscious1103 Words   |  5 PagesCritique 3- Discussion of Carl Jung Discuss the Analytical Theory of Carl Jung. Do not complete a Theory Template for this theorist. Instead complete the following discussion questions: 1. Explain the Jungian concept of the collective unconscious. Ans: Among Jung s numerous hypotheses is the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious has been portrayed as the storage facility of inactive memory follows acquired from the past that incline individuals to respond to the world in specificRead MoreCarl Jung and Sigmund Freud1412 Words   |  6 PagesCarl Jung and Sigmund Freud Introduction Carl Jung (1875-1961) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) were two individuals whose theories on human personality would completely affect the way that people viewed the human mind. Carl Gustav was a practicing psychotherapist while Sigmund Freud created the discipline of psychoanalysis. The two men had seemingly identical beliefs about human behavior, but also had contrasting beliefs about concepts such as the ego, the psyche, and the state of unconsciousnessRead MoreThe First Layer Of The Unconscious1570 Words   |  7 Pageslayer of Carl Jung was also called the personal unconscious is basically the same as Freud’s kind of the unconscious. The particular unconscious has temporality elapsed information and well as repressed retentions. Jung (1933) outlined an important article of the personal unconscious called complexes. A complex is a collection of opinions, moods, attitudes and memories that focus on a particular idea. The more elements attached to the complex, the greater its effect on the individual. Jung also saidRead MoreThe Influences Of C. G. Jung1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influences of C. G. Jung Carl Gustav Jung II was a psychiatrist whose theories of the mind challenged the existing dogma. His works with human cognition, the basic structure of the psyche, and association experiments are widely known today in the form of the concepts of the introvert and the extrovert, psychological archetypes, and basic tests of word association. Although many basic principles of psychology today are based upon his original discoveries and theories, they were not conceivedRead MoreCarl Jung s Theory Of The Mind Challenged The Existing Dogma1533 Words   |  7 PagesCarl Gustav Jung II was a psychiatrist whose theories of the mind challenged the existing dogma. His works with human cognition, the basic structure of the psyche, and association experiments are widely known today in the form of the concepts of the introvert and the extrovert, psychological archetypes, and basic tests of word association. Although many basic principles of psychology today are based upon his original discoverie s and theories, they were not conceived without external insight. SocialRead MoreSociological Perspective On Psychology : Psychodynamic Psychology1067 Words   |  5 PagesSummarize Major Historical Perspective in Psychology Essay Psychodynamic Perspective- There is four major perspectives in psychology: Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Humanistic, and Cognitive. Each theory represents a psychology approach to unlock the human mind. A psychology approach is known as a perspective; today there are many different approaches in psychology that contain specified beliefs about the mind and Human Behavior. Individually each perspective is different they have their strong pointsRead MoreCarl Jung s Theory Of Psychology Essay1858 Words   |  8 PagesCarl Jung - Theory 1 Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and created the idea, and established the school of analytical psychology. He proposed and developed the extroverted and introverted personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious. Jung felt as if he was both a extroverted and introverted person, as if he had two personalities. Jung had a lonely childhood and observed his family and the adults in his life. He watched over his parents and teachers, in order to understand their behaviorRead MoreThe Is The Missing Link !1226 Words   |  5 Pagesdream s meaning can perhaps lead to understanding ourselves better. I follow different scholars and their formula s to get the most correct interpretation. I lean towards Carl Jung s theory. The reasons I am not a Freudian is after the publication of The Interpretation of Dreams in November 1899, interest in his theories began to grow, and a circle of supporters developed. However, Freud often clashed with those supporters who criticized his theories, the most famous of whom was Carl Jung. PartRead MoreSigmund Freud, Neurologist And Founder Of Psychoanalysis,1320 Words   |  6 Pagespsychoanalysis, paved the way of dream interpretation with little competition or suspicion to his discoveries. That was until the rise of his former advocate, Carl Jung, began to challenge the founders beliefs. While working together, Jung and Freud explored the human mind and jointly agreed on the separation of the conscious and unconscious. Within the unconscious and dreams there was a mutual understanding of the need to identify and interpret symbols. They wanted to give ground to dreams and find the reasonsRead MoreCarl Gustav s Collective Unconscious870 Words   |  4 PagesThe Swiss physician and psychiatrist, Carl Gustav Jung, lived from 1875 to 1961. Jung corresponded frequently with Sigmund Freud and based much of his early work upon Freud s ideas. However, Jung’s theories diverged from Freud’s ideas in 1913 and he pioneered a new field called analytical psychology (Young-Eisendrath). Jung s work in psychology led him to become referred to as the â€Å"Darwin of the Mind† (Ritvo). Jung believed in a collective unconscious, which he defined as an inherited knowledge

Romeo And Juliet Essay On Death - 1548 Words

Throughout the play Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare shows Romeo’s infatuation with two things: death, and Juliet, one overpowering the other. Romeo is suicidal; everything related to eternal rest peaks his interest. Juliet causes Romeo to die which reveals that Juliet did what death itself could not. She helped Romeo forget about the harsh realities of the world, whereas death allowed Romeo an option in the end where he could be alongside his one and only true love. Whether it be in hell or heaven, Romeo would have followed Juliet anywhere. Despite Romeo’s obsession with death, his constant references to Juliet suggests that it is not true. From the first time Romeo lays his eyes on Juliet, he was entranced by her beauty and falls in love†¦show more content†¦I am content, so thou wilt have it so/Come, death, and welcome! Juliet wills it so† (3.5.17-18 and 24). Romeo is content with dying if Juliet wills it so. This brings light to the fact that Romeo does not worry about himself or about anything other than Juliet when he is with her. When he goes to Mantua, Romeo quickly becomes depressed. He complains that, â€Å"heaven is here, where Juliet lives, and every cat and dog and little mouse, every unworthy thing, live here in heaven and may look on her, but Romeo may not† (3.3.29-32). Romeo reveals that anywhere outside Verona is a place of purgatory if the unworthiest of creatures are able to gaze upon Juliet’s beauty while he is stuck in Mantua. As a result, he believes that the banishment is worse than dying as he is tortured by the fact that he may never be able to see her again without t he risk of being killed. The only way for Romeo to be together with Juliet is through the means of dying. As Romeo heard of Juliet’s deceasement, he rushes to go to Verona despite the evident threat to his life, with poison, to kill himself alongside Juliet. He kills himself just before Juliet woke up. Juliet then kills herself so that they may be together in the afterlife regardless of if it is hell or heaven. Suicide is considered an utmost sin in Christianity and by killing himself, he rescinded his beliefs and religion to be with the one he loved. They both revoke their religion in order to be with each other, neither of them caringShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Deaths of Romeo and Juliet1166 Words   |  5 PagesThe Deaths of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life; I dont agree with the quotation above because I think the tragic deaths of both Romeo and Juliet are caused by human decision. It is an indirect result of the decisions and actions Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeares plays about tragedy. It is aboutRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Death Essay715 Words   |  3 PagesDestination, where death is unstoppable. Every decision and action made by the characters can be fated by the universe. William Shakespeare clearly shows fate in this play Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare uses foreshadowing to illustrate the idea of predetermined death. Others may say that the feud and Paris are responsible for the death of Romeo and Juliet but it’s clear that fate is responsible. Fate is repeated throughout the book making it unquestionable for Romeo and Juliet’s death. Since the beginningRead MoreDeath In Romeo And Juliet Essay850 Words   |  4 PagesBrianna Isabella Reyes Ms. Taccone Period D 11/16/17 The Fault of Death in Romeo and Juliet â€Å"I am the master of my fate, I am the captain of my soul.† This is a line from a poem written by William Ernest Henley. Self-control is where you control your own fate and you guide your own soul, Henley expressed this through that quote. His idea can be applied to many things, one being the story of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. In the story, the characters are big believers in fate where coursesRead MoreThe Deaths of Romeo and Juliet Essay2168 Words   |  9 PagesThe Deaths of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a tragic love story set in Verona, Italy in the late 1500s. It is a moving tale of two young people, Romeo and Juliet, who fall in love. The displeasure and anger of their feuding families, the Montagues and the Capulets, who are long time enemies, however, complicate their love. The feud between the households, underlines the entire tragedy, and in my opinion it is one of the most responsible reasons for Romeo andRead More Friar Lawrence Caused the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pages ‘Romeo and Juliet’ The play ‘Romeo and Juliet’, by William Shakespeare is a tragedy which tells of the tragic deaths of the two lovers, Romeo and Juliet. In Verona there were two families the Montague and the Capulet’s who had an old argument. Their children Romeo and Juliet fall in love and because of their families old arguments can never be together. Because of Romeo ‘s killing of Tybalt, Romeo is banished and through series of misunderstanding Romeo and JulietRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Essay About Death1321 Words   |  6 Pages Romeo and Juliet is a classic sixteenth-century tale written by William Shakespeare that portrays two lovers entangled in the ancient feud between their families. Destined for an early demise, a whirlwind of miscommunications and misfortune leads the lovers to take their lives. However, this tragic denouement is no surprise to the audience, as this fate is predicted promptly in the first act. Similarly, death is a recurrent theme throughout the play, primarily brought up by young Romeo himself.Read MoreWho Was to Blame for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet? Essay2019 Words   |  9 PagesWho was to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet? In this essay I will be exploring the reasons as to why some people would argue that a certain person or people are to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. I will show understanding of the plot, character and themes and Shakesperes use of language and dramatic devices within the play. Firstly, some people believe that the parents of Romeo and Juliet were to blame for their deaths because of the ongoing feud between the two families. TheRead MoreSociety is Responsible for the Death of Romeo and Juliet Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pagescity (aside from the occasional death or two), with its obligatory social classes going about agreeably (aside from the occasional brawl or two), and all people happy and successful (aside from the occasional poor wretch or two). The Verona in which Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet takes place in is made sinister by the deadly consequences than ensue from its strict, unbending society. Romeo and Juliet paints a tale about two young lovers, Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet, whose attempts to beRead MoreEssay about Responsiblity for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet1508 Words   |  7 PagesResponsiblity for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet The final tragedy in the play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is the death of Romeo and Juliet. It’s a result of the feud of the two houses: Capulets and Montagues, but amongst other likely causes are the personalities of Romeo and Juliet. Romeo is ‘hot-headed’ and Juliet lacks experience in life because of her young age. Other characters who play a significant part in driving them to their deaths are: Tybalt, Mercutio, Friar LawrenceRead MoreFactors that contribute to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet Essay3016 Words   |  13 Pagescontribute to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. There are four areas that contribute to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. It is important to study the cultural and historical background in which the play is set as this affects how characters behave and interact with each other. Another factor is individual characters and how their personalities and behaviour contribute to the deaths of the two protagonists. Love and hate affects the characters and causes the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Some people believe

Information Security Privacy and Security Issues

Question: Discuss about the Information Security for Privacy and Security Issues. Answer: Introduction The Big data is one of the emerging areas that are used to manage datasets, whose size is beyond the capability of commonly used software tools for capturing, managing and analyzing the amount of data. According to Sagiroglu and Sinanc ( 2013), conventional security systems are tailored to computer infrastructures which are confined with well defined perimeter of security as the public clouds helps big data in expanding. The report endorses the significant aspects that are related with the security and privacy of big data. The contents of the report helps in unearthing the challenges that are related with big data, relevant technologies associated with big data, its applications and their impacts. Description about the Privacy and security issues associated with Big Data According to Kaisler et al. ( 2013), with the increase in accessibility of big data, privacy as well as security concerns are growing day by day. Data sharing has become one of the most significant tasks before the governmental agencies, scientist and businessman. The technologies as well as tools are developed for managing the data sets which are not designed for proper privacy or security measures. On the other hand, Kim et al. (2014) argued that the tools and technologies are not incorporated adequately for security measures due to lack of training and fundamental understanding about the requirement. The procedure of big data also lacks adequate policies for ensuring compliance with the present approaches of privacy as well as security (Hashem et al., 2015). The present technological advancement towards privacy or security of data is increasingly being breached. It is done either intentionally or it happens accidentally, therefore the most important need is to update the present a pproaches in order to prevent the challenges and issues that are associated with the process of data leaking. Challenges associated with Big Data The Big Data is an area of risk that needs to be considered as it includes lifecycle which is associated with the ownership as well as classification of data on the basis of collection and creation procedure and lack of security processes (Riggins Wamba, 2015). As Big Data is one of the significant as well as complex topic it is always associated with the challenges and security issues. The challenges of Big Data have a direct impact on the designs of security issues that are required for tackling the characteristics and requirements. According to Kshetri (2014), CSA has divided the different challenges of big data which are associated with the privacy as well as security issues in four different aspects of the big data ecosystems. The aspects include security of Infrastructure, Data management, Data security Reactive security and Integrity. Each of the aspects faces lot of security issues which includes secured Distributed Data processing, Granular audits, Data security associated with Cryptographic solutions, Secure storage and Transaction logs associated with data and many more (Chaudhuri, 2015). All this security as well as the challenges that are related with the privacy of Big Data covers the whole spectrum of the cycle of Big Data, Its sources of data production, Storage and processing of data, data transportation and storage on different devices. On the other hand, Tene and Polonetsky (2012) argued that a specific aspect of Big data security and privacy needs to be related with the rise of internet of thin gs. The increase in the number of connected devices has led the manufacturers in the market for short period of time for exploiting the opportunity. It helps in providing tremendous benefit and opportunities to the users who are responsible for security or privacy challenges. According to Inukollu et al. (2014), there are many identified security issues which are associated with the insecure web interface, insufficient authentication and insure services of network. Insecure web interface allows an attacker to exploit the web interface of the administration and thus it helps in unauthorized access to control the internet of things device. Insufficient authorization also raises privacy concerns. It allows a hacker to exploit the policy of password in order to access the privileged mode on the devices of IoT (Marx, 2013). Insecure network services exploits services of the devices that are related with the devices of Internet of Things. On the other hand, Grolinger et al. (2014) stated that few more privacy concerns or challenges that are related with the security system of Big Data. The challenges are due to insecure interface of mobile, insufficient configurability of security and insecure cloud interface. Due to lack of configuration, an attacker can easil y access the data or have control on the devices (Action et al., 2014).It is also stated that without effective security control an hacker or attacker can use various vectors such as account enumeration, insufficient authentication for accessing data with the help of the mobile interface. Description of relevant technologies The topic of big data encompasses many trends which includes development of new technologies that helps the users to consider and handle the Big Data properly. According to Wu et al. (2014), there is no comprehensive Big Data technology for resolving the challenges because the big data project companies are very much different from one another therefore, a proven complete certification is not yet provided although some of the vendors like IBM have announced several programs related with certification. On the other hand, Boyd and Crawford (2012) stated that hadoop is synonymous with the term big data and it is very much famous for handing huge amount of data. The Distributed file system of Hadoop helps in enabling highly scalable as well as redundant storage of data for executing various types of projects. Analytical databases are used for the purpose of data processing. Many of the techniques use connectors in order to integrate with the system of Hadoop (Dou et al., 2015). The techn ology of big data is divided into two components which are software and hardware component. The hardware component of the structure consists of infrastructure layer whereas the software part or the component is categorized into management software, discovery and analytics software, automation and decision support software. According to Kaushik and Jain (2014), Infrastructure is considered to be the foundation of Big Data technology stack. The main components that are very much necessary for the storage procedure includes standard of the industry, servers and networking bandwidth of about 10 Gbps. The storage systems are designed in a very much flexible way for supporting capabilities in memory delivered systems. On the other hand, Wu et al. (2014) stated that the layers that are associated with the processes of the software and prepares both structured as well as unstructured analysis helps in extracting, normalizing and integrating data. The architectures of data management and organization include RDBMS (Relational Database Management System ) and the NoSQL database management system (Action et al., 2014). The database management systems are designed in order to manage different types of data. Application of the technologies According to Grolinger et al. (2014), Apache Hadoop has several applications in lowering the cost barriers that are related with processing and analyzing of big data. Technical barriers remain but the applications that are related with the Hadoop system are highly complex. On the other hand, Boyd and Crawford (2012) stated that there are many application of Hadoop system. It is mainly used in analyzing life-threatening risks, warning signs for security breaches and also helps in preventing hardware failure. According to Marx (2013), machines create a lot of information in order to explore the applications of Hadoop. Capturing data from HVAC systems helps in identifying problems with locations and products. On the other hand, Tene and Polonetsky (2012) argued that hadoop are used in streaming projects, complex event processing, replacing SAS. In order to make the Hadoop applications accessible thoroughly to the organizations, the system needs to be integrated for the overall flow of data. Talend Open Studio is one of the ideal tools that help in integrating the application inside the architecture of data (Chaudhuri, 2015).It helps in providing more built-in connector components than any other integration of data. The connectors help in writing in any format, database or packed enterprise application. Clarification of Vague Areas According to Kaushik and Jain (2014), despite of the presence of Big Data technologies that are available in the market, enterprises are struggling a lot in order to take proper advantage of the big data. It is because the organizations fail to fulfill certain criterias which include implementing mechanism for combining data from different sources and proper industrializing of the entire data (Grolinger et al., 2014). Combining technology stacks for facilitating successful effective aggregation, analysis, ingestion and combining data for providing ROI for the implementation purpose of Big Data. The organizations must have to jump over some of the hurdles for implementing effective and proper strategies that must be related with Big Data. On the other hand, Riggins and Wamba (2015) stated that for resolving the challenges the enterprises needs to follow some steps. It includes codifying problems that are solved with the help of Big Data. The experts of the enterprise must need to agree upon certain criterion which helps in explaining the type of data that is collected and its sources from where the data is collected. The resolving procedure also includes creation of right data that are required for the core implementation by processing the collected data (Tene and Polonetsky, 2012). The enterprises always increase the size of the data sample without taking much time for verifying whether the model is accurate or not. If the data model is tested and the test is successful, then also the enterprises have to be careful. Conclusion It can be concluded that the Big Data faces lot of challenges due to privacy or security issues. There is lot of challenges which needs to solve in order to mitigate the issues. The Big Data is an area of risk that desires to be considered as it includes lifecycle which is related with the possession as well as categorization of data on the basis of gathering and formation procedure and lack of security processes. It is analyzed that there are several gaps in the technologies that are used for managing and processing Big Data analytics. Therefore proper steps and measures needs to be considered in order to reduce the gaps as well as in mitigating the challenges. References Action, C., Watchdog, C., Rights, P. P., Clearinghouse, P. R., American Library Association. (2014). Coalition Letter to Director Holden to Petition for OSTP to Conduct a Public Comment Process on Big Data and the Future of Privacy. Boyd, D., Crawford, K. (2012). Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon.Information, communication society,15(5), 662-679. Chaudhuri, S. (2012, May). What next?: a half-dozen data management research goals for big data and the cloud. InProceedings of the 31st ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGAI symposium on Principles of Database Systems(pp. 1-4). ACM. Dou, W., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Chen, J. (2015). HireSome-II: Towards privacy-aware cross-cloud service composition for big data applications.IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,26(2), 455-466. Grolinger, K., Hayes, M., Higashino, W. A., L'Heureux, A., Allison, D. S., Capretz, M. A. (2014, June). Challenges for mapreduce in big data. In2014 IEEE World Congress on Services(pp. 182-189). IEEE. Hashem, I. A. T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N. B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A., Khan, S. U. (2015). The rise of big data on cloud computing: Review and open research issues.Information Systems,47, 98-115. Inukollu, V. N., Arsi, S., Ravuri, S. R. (2014). Security issues associated with big data in cloud computing.International Journal of Network Security Its Applications,6(3), 45. Kaisler, S., Armour, F., Espinosa, J. A., Money, W. (2013, January). Big data: issues and challenges moving forward. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 995-1004). IEEE. Kaushik, M., Jain, A. (2014). Challenges to Big Data Security and Privacy.International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies (IJCSIT),5(3), 3042-3043. Kim, G. H., Trimi, S., Chung, J. H. (2014). Big-data applications in the government sector.Communications of the ACM,57(3), 78-85. Kshetri, N. (2014). Big dataÃâ€" ³ s impact on privacy, security and consumer welfare.Telecommunications Policy,38(11), 1134-1145. Marx, V. (2013). Biology: The big challenges of big data.Nature,498(7453), 255-260. Riggins, F. J., Wamba, S. F. (2015, January). Research directions on the adoption, usage, and impact of the internet of things through the use of big data analytics. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 1531-1540). IEEE. Sagiroglu, S., Sinanc, D. (2013, May). Big data: A review. InCollaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS), 2013 International Conference on(pp. 42-47). IEEE. Tene, O., Polonetsky, J. (2012). Big data for all: Privacy and user control in the age of analytics.Nw. J. Tech. Intell. Prop.,11, xxvii. Wu, X., Zhu, X., Wu, G. Q., Ding, W. (2014). Data mining with big data.IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering,26(1), 97-107.

The Journey free essay sample

The journeys the thing, my sociologyteacher quoted one September afternoon. He scribbled the words on the blackboard,telling us to copy them into our notebooks. While my classmates lamented the hot,humid weather, I pondered the statement. I thought the four simple words conveyeda meaningful message, and wondered if I ever appreciated the journeyof my own life. After a few moments deliberation, the bell rang and I hurried tomy next destination. A week later, I found myself hoping the day would goquickly because I was looking forward to my weekend plans. I suddenly rememberedthose words my teacher had written on the board, and their meaning becameclearer. Do I ever truly appreciate events as they are occurring, I wondered, oram I always looking toward the future? Regretfully, I have wished away asignificant amount of time anticipating future events. During the past year,especially, I have spent a lot of time thinking about college. We will write a custom essay sample on The Journey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While planning myfuture is certainly a worthy project, I now try to focus on the past and presentas well. I regret that I did not completely value Christmas parties with myfriends, long telephone conversations and meaningful class discussions as theywere taking place. Although I will still look forward to upcoming events, my goalis to try to appreciate today.

Slave Gir; essays

Slave Gir; essays In Harriet Jacobs book, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, the main themes are the struggles for freedom, the constant abuse, and the hardships of being a slave. Every slave struggles for freedom, not just to be a free woman, but just to be herself. Linda was one of the few slaves that had the ability to read and write. If Linda was ever caught reading or writing, her master would punish her. Being able to read and write as a slave was looked at as a crime, so it was not tolerated. Linda also had a boyfriend who was a free African American, but Lindas master did not like this so he told her that she better not ever see him again. Linda tried to explain that they loved each other and he wanted to marry her, but instead Linda was punished for telling her master that she wanted to marry him. It was little things like this that Lindas master did to keep her from having any sort of freedom what so ever. Abuse as a slave was very common, not only physical abuse, but also verbal abuse was very common. Linda was abused on a daily basis, more verbally than physically, and the amount of abuse varied daily depending on her master and her mistress. Lindas master one night made her sleep in his bed, and her mistress was not too happy about it. Linda was forced to tell her mistress what happened and her mistress punished her by making her sleep in a room right next to hers. At night Linda would sometimes wake up to her mistress stand over her bed staring at her. Linda had many hardships growing up as a young slave girl such as both of her parents dying, being separated from her siblings, and being separated from her grandmother. Luckily for Linda she was real close to her grandmother and her grandmother was free, so occasionally Linda would get to visit her. To top off all the loved ones she had lost and be separated from, she had to deal with the daily struggle of being a slave, not knowing if she would ever become f...

How to Say Negative Commands in Italian

How to Say Negative Commands in Italian Throughout childhood, we grow up hearing negative commands. Our parents say phrases, like Dont bother your brother!, Stop yelling!, Dont forget to do your homework!, or Don’t make a mess! And even though our intention isn’t to learn Italian so we can yell negative commands at our children, knowing how to use them in Italian can prove useful, particularly in situations like giving advice to a friend about a guy that sounds like trouble or suggesting that someone not eating something unhealthy. But first, where do these negative commands come from? The Imperative Mood The imperative mood is a way of giving advice, suggestions, or commands. If you need a refresher, read this article: The Imperative Mood in Italian. When it comes using this mood, the form of the verb depends on whether you use the â€Å"tu† form, the â€Å"lei† form, the â€Å"noi† form, and the â€Å"voi† form, which I’ll break down below. Negative Commands Using the â€Å"tu† Form The negative tu command forms of all verbs are formed by the infinitive of the verb preceded by non: Non dire cosà ¬! - Don’t talk like that!Non fare il guastafeste! - Don’t be a party-pooper!Non mangiare quell’hamburger! Non à ¨ sano. - Don’t eat that hamburger! It’s not healthy. But what happens when you start to add some more complicated elements to the mix, like pronouns, for example? Non andarci! - Don’t go there!Non glielo dare! / Non darglielo! - Dont give it to him!Non ne parlare mai pià ¹! - Don’t bring it up ever again! If you’re dealing with reflexive verbs, you would either place the pronoun at beginning or at the end of the conjugated verb, like: Non ti preoccupare! / Non preoccuparti! - Don’t worry!Non ti addormentare. / Non addormentarti. - Don’t fall asleep.Non ti sposare! / Non sposarti! - Don’t get married! Negative Commands Using the â€Å"lei† Form The negative â€Å"lei† command is formed by placing â€Å"non† before the verb that’s been conjugated in the imperative mood. Non parli! - Don’t speak!Non mangi quel piatto. - Don’t eat that dish.Non parta! - Don’t leave!Non creda (a) quello che dice lui! - Don’t believe what he says! Negative Commands Using the â€Å"noi† and â€Å"voi† Forms The negative â€Å"noi† and â€Å"voi: command forms of all verbs are formed simply by placing non before the affirmative forms: Voi Non dormite! - Don’t sleep!Non fate rumore! - Don’t make a sound!Non parlate! - Don’t speak!Non fumate! - Don’t smoke!Non andate in quel mercato per fare la spesa, andate in un altro. - Don’t go to that store to do the shopping, go to a different one. Noi Non dormiamo! - Let’s not sleep.Non facciamo rumore. - Let’s not make any noise.Non andiamo in quel mercato per fare la spesa, andiamo in un altro. - Let’s not go to that store to do the shopping, let’s go to a different one. Tip: Notice how the â€Å"noi† form is less seen as a command and more often seen as a suggestion.

A Better Way to Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Better Way to Future - Essay Example n’t everlasting End up with a stroke of wind With shortcuts, one longs for results Wonderful, but surrounded with thorns Nullifying the achievements Making pass through hard bends Shortcuts rejects uphill struggle Wanting for more with less effort Passing by the limits of moral Crossing the edges of truth and fair Earns a person short-term success Taking away the long-term with mess Painstaking rise seems difficult at start But proves reliable with time Such way to destination is not plain It has many snags and hard grains Devotion and loyalty are key factors That bring enduring and long-term success Hurdles come while moving legal Strong will helps cross those hurdles Challenges can make a person tiring Passion helps face those challenges Things may not look easy at times Dedication makes things look supportive One may beer great pain But that pain doesn’t make aim go fade Conditions may become unfavorable at times Commitment makes the conditions fine For those having high moral Hard work brings the best reward

A Hole in His Parachute Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Hole in His Parachute - Essay Example On the other hand, stockholders are those that have shares in a company and are directly affected by the ups and downs of the market affecting their operation as a business. A corporation being a creature of law cannot refuse to abide by the acts of its incumbents as long as it is being provided by the general law in business and ethics. With all these said, the lawful and right decision of whether to give Knight the right to collect the balance of the salary from the corporation which Murdoch promised to give him while he serves as adviser to the newspaper company for five years strongly relies on the intricacy of laws behind the accountability of Murdoch, the new owner of Knight-Ridder Corporation towards his stakeholders, which includes employees. In this case, because Knight had a sort of proprietorship of the company because he is providing his services for it, he has the right to run after Murdoch and get his salary even when the company has already been dissolved before any amount was given to him. This is because of the fact that any company has the responsibility to be able to deliver on every provision that is stated in any contract relating to Knight’s employment, which would hold his right to be paid the exact amount in exchange for completed work, whatever the circumstance is. Another point that would support Knight’s right to demand his salary from Murdoch would be the fact that it is being provided in Corporate law that the property and assets of a certain corporation includes not only the assets of any subsidiary of the corporation instead the whole entity comprising the company, directly or indirectly, that encompasses corporations, partnerships, and its liability partnerships which is where employees fall in. Thus, the dissolution of the company does not dissolve its obligation to pay Knight what is due

Porter’s 5 Forces Essay Example for Free

Porter’s 5 Forces Essay The fast food industry is one which affects many lives in Canada. The following is a Porter’s 5 Force’s analysis that will determine how attractive this industry is as a whole. To determine the threat of new entrants, one must first consider the barriers to entry. Firstly, the start-up costs associated with the fast food industry are relatively minute. This acts as a low barrier to entry. In this industry, the top four companies account for 37.4% of the total revenue. Although that is not a percentage of mind-changing significance, a business entering this industry must be able to uniquely establish itself with product differentiation. That being said, it is believed that the industry concentration is relatively low. Accordingly, high barriers to entry arise from government regulations, specifically including health and food service as well as occupational health and safety issues, along with a high amounts of competition within the fast food industry. Overall, the barriers to entry can be determined as low resulting in a high threat of new entrants. Next is establishing the power of the buyer. The fast food industry has been impacted by the decreasing demand for fried food and subsequently the increase for healthy options. This change in consumer trends along with a high variety of fast food places to choose from assume high power of the buyer. Secondly, it has been determined that the products sold in the fast food industry are luxury goods goods that are purchased more-so when  economic times are â€Å"good†. In turn, when economic times are â€Å"rough,† consumers will choose to eat less fast food and more home cooking. Overall, the power of the buyer within the fast food industry is high. Thirdly, the threat of substitutes must be determined. Substitutes for the fast food industry include grocery stores (i.e., eating home cooked meals), full-service restaurants (both single and multiple location based businesses), catering companies, food trucks, bars and night clubs. Due to the fact that the fast food indus try consumes a large portion of the food market, it can be concluded that there is a medium threat of substitutes. Examining the bargaining power of suppliers, one can look at two different groups, (1) large companies and (2) small companies. Large companies within the fast food industry include dominant players such as McDonald’s, Subway and Yum! Brands. Due to the large size and demand of these companies, they are relatively dependent on those suppliers who can meet their needs. For these companies, the bargaining power of suppliers is high. However, all other smaller companies are faced with many different suppliers that can meet their demand needs. The smaller companies are faced with low bargaining power of suppliers. All in all, one finds the total bargaining power of suppliers to be at a medium level. Lastly comes the examination of industry rivalry. The three leading companies that take up 33.1% of the market share include McDonald’s, Subway and Yum! Brands. Furthermore, within the market, the total number of companies is forecast to increase on average 1.5% per year to 17,039 in 2019. Overall, the dominant players along with the size of the industry lead to high industry rivalry. Based on the previous analysis and using a scale of 0-10 (0 being very unattractive and 10 being very attractive), the following scores can be determined: Threat of New Entrants = 3, Power of the Buyer = 4, Threat of Substitutes = 6, Bargaining Power of Suppliers = 5 and Industry Rivalry = 3. With an average score of 4.2, it is determined that the fast food industry is of medium attractiveness.

Can Sikhism continue to exist without the Guru Granth Sahib? Essay exam

Can Sikhism continue to exist without the Guru Granth Sahib? The Guru Granth Sahib is the active living Guru of the Sikhs: a long text with 1430 pages, compiled and composed during the period of Sikh gurus, from 1469 to 1708. A collection of 5,894 hymns and 1430 pages, the Guru Granth Sahib describes the qualities of God and why you should meditate on God’s name. The hymns are arranged into 31 ragas, which are musical groupings. Every copy of the Guru Granth Sahib has an identical layout of pages. The Guru Granth Sahib was declared as Guru Gobind Singh’s (1666-1708) successor, by himself. It is the holy scripture of the Sikhs and is regarded as the teachings of the ten Gurus, as well as treated like as a sovereign living Guru. The Guru Granth Sahib has a pivotal role in Sikh worship, as a source or guide of prayer; and it in many ways defines Sikhism: outlining all of the laws, rules and ideas of it. It is written in the GurmukhÄ « script, in various dialects – including Lehndi Punjabi, Braj Bhasha, Khariboli, Sanskrit an d Persian – often merged under the broad title of Sant Bhasha. There are approximately 20 million followers worldwide of Sikhism, most of whom live in the Punjab province of India: a state in the northwest of India. The 2001 census recorded 336,000 Sikhs living in the UK. In this essay I am going to examine information surrounding the Guru, and I am going to analyse whether Sikhism could exist without it, and come to a conclusion that it could not. Firstly, I am going to look at the history of the Guru Granth Sahib. During the Guruship of Guru Nanak (1469-1539) collections of his hymns were compiled and sent to Sikh communities for use in worship. Guru Nanak wrote 974 published hymns. His successor, Guru Anga... ... a guide or leader, it is Sikhism. It embodies every aspect of it and contains the teachings of those who created Sikhism and lead it. So, in a nutshell, the Guru Granth Sahib is the gateway to Sikhism and the religion could not exist or function without it. Works Cited http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/god/sikhrevelationrev3.shtml http://www.sikhs.org/art11.htm http://esikhs.com/ http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1162_sikhs/sikhism/sikhism.htm http://sikhism.about.com/od/gurugranthsahib/p/Guru_Granth.htm http://www.time4truth.com/sikhism.htm http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/sikh/blfaq_sikh_india.htm http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/sikhism-articles/sikhism-and-contemporary-problems-of-religious-philosophy http://www.alislam.org/egazette/updates/sri-guru-granth-sahib-a-brief-history/

HNA Case

HNA group’s five blocks of business are all interrelated around the airline industry and tourism space. All business blocks compliment each other and are instrumental toward HNA group’s achieving success in the â€Å"soaring plan†, going forward. The strategic organization of the HNA group in terms of visible resources, organizational resources, financial resources and human resources allow it to synergize across its business blocks and derive profitability which is higher than individual players in each of these businesses. Looking at major crises that affected the HNA Group, such as the SARS epidemic and oil price fluctuations, I believe that being in multiple blocks of business allows the group to hedge its risks against such unexpected global events. Air transport is definitely the major growth area for the HNA group, generating 78% of the group’s revenue. Efficient operations and lean management allow it to derive higher margins compared to its competitors. The group’s plans in this business block are aggressive, indicated by the formation of Grand China airlines. Airports are directly complementary to the airline operations and provide an avenue to grow and expand, with the increasing Chinese government policy towards privatization of airports. The tourism block and the hotels block complement each other in addition to benefiting the air transport business. The relative industries serve a primary purpose of diversifying the Group’s assets, protecting it against unexpected global fluctuations. Looking at the HNA group’s current financial distress, I believe that the HNA group could look at generating some cash immediately by disposing off some of its high value physical assets or some of its relative industries. The group has high fixed assets amounting to $1636 million, which include some high value properties in business districts where they face direct competition from international chains like the Marriott and the Hilton group. From 2004 to 2008, revenue from hotels increased from 3% to 4%, which is not very significant. Also, relative industries such as department stores, property management and computer systems do not figure prominently in revenue figures for 2008. Finance and commerce look like attractive industries to enter. They are complementary to each other in several respects and generate 31% of HNA’s revenue in 2008. Further expansion in these areas and ways to integrate these businesses with the primary businesses of air transport, hotels and airports is the direction that I would recommend that the HNA group should pursue.

40 Common Mistakes in Namaz (Salat)

The Magnifying Glass On Clarifying Many Common Errors AlAlAshAl-Minthaar Fee Katheer Min Al-Akhtaa’ Ash-Shaai’ah A Excerpt Dealing with 40 Commmon Mistakes in Salaat Saalih Ibn Abdul-Azeez Ibn Muhammad Aalish-Shaykh (hafithahullah) Abdul-Qaadir Abdul-Khaaliq – Translator  © 1998 Al-Haramain Foundation Mistakes of Salaah 1. Leaving the salaah altogether. This is indeed kufr (disbelief) and the evidence is found within the Qur’aan the authentic sunnah and the consensus of the ummah. Allah ta’aala states: If they repent and establish the salaah and give the zakaah, they are you brothers in faith (deen). Al-Qur’aan 9:11] And Allah ta’aala says: What landed you in As-Saqar (Hell)? They said: We were not of those who made salaah (almusalleen)†¦[Al-Qur’aan 76:42-43] and so on. As far as the sunnah: The hadeeth of Jaabir that the Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said: Between a man and shirk (what protects him from sh irk) is the abandonment of salaah. [Muslim] It is narrated by Abu Dawood, An-Nisaa’i, Ibn Maajah, and At-Tirmidhi on the authority of Buraidah Ibn Al-Husaib from the Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) who said: The covenant between us and them (i. e. he Prophet – and/or his successors -and those who claim to be Muslims) is the salaah so whosoever abandons it has disbelieved. [ Ahmad and others and it is saheeh] As far as consensus (al-ijmaa’): Abdullah Ibn Shaqeeq (radiallahu ‘anhu) stated: The Companions of Muhammad (radiallahu ‘anhum) did not view the abandonment of any other deed as kufr other than (abandoning) salaah. [At-Tirmidhi and others with an authentic chain] 2. Delaying the salaah from its appointed time. This is a violation according to the word of Allah ta’aala: Verily the salaah has been appointed for the believers at specific times (mawqoot). Al-Qur’aan 4:103] Al-Mawqoot indicates a specific appointed time and the postponement of sallah beyond the obligatory time (fardh) is a major sin and Allah is the one upon Whom we depend. On the authority of Anas who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) saying: This is the salaat of the hypocrite (munaafiq); when he sits observing the sun until it is between the horns of Shaitaan, then he stands to perform four (rak’ah) remembering Allah little. [Muslim] If this is the salaah of the hypocrite hen what of the salaah of someone who postpones the prayer until the complete period of the salaat has passed without any excuse? 3. Abandonment of the congregational prayer in the masjid by able men either regularly or on occasion. The commandment has been given to perform the salaah in congregation in the masaajid. Congregational (al-jamaa’ah) salaah is a duty except for those who have a valid excuse according to the sharia’h. The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said: Whoever hea rs the call (al-adhaan) and thereafter does not answer it (i. e. ttend the congregational salaah) there is no salaah for him except for a valid excuse. [Reported by Ibn Maajah and others with a strong chain (isnaad) and Al-Haafith Ibn Hajar said â€Å"Its chain is according to the conditions of Muslim†]. Allah ta’aala also says: And bow down with those who bow down. {Al-Qur’aan 2:43] In a hadeeth in AlBukhaari and Muslim (mutafaqun ‘alaih): †¦I would then leave (after tbe salaah has begun) and go to those men who do not attend the salaah and burn their houses down over them. 4. Lack of tranquility (at-tama’neenah) within the salaat. This is generally done out of ignorance and it is an open sin because tranquility is a pillar (rukn) of the salaah without which the salaah is incorrect. The hadeeth about the man who performed his salaah badly is a clear evidence for this. The meaning of tama’neenah (tranquility) is that the one praying is tranquil in the rukoo’ (bending), standing (‘itidaal), prostration (sujood), and sitting between the two prostrations (juloos), and he should get in position where every bone settles into place, he should not hasten between portions of the prayer until he has attained tranquility in it and gives each its due time. The Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said to the one who was rushing through his salaah without observing the proper tranquility: Go back and make salaah because you have not made the salaah. And in the hadeeth of Rifaa’ah on the story of the one who prayed badly it goes on: Then he makes takbeer and bows and puts his hands on his knees until each joint is settled and relaxed. Then he says ‘sami’allahu liman hamida’ (Allah hears the one who praises Him) then stands up straight until each bone is in its place. . Lack of proper reverence and humility (khushoo’) in the salaat and excess movement therein. The place of khushoo’ is in the heart and it is evident in the tranquility of the limbs and humility before Allah. Allah has indeed praised His slave by His statement: Those who offer their salaah with all solemnity and full submissiveness. [Al-Qur’aan 23:2] As well [He has praised] the prophets by his statement: Verily they us ed to hasten on to do good deeds and they used to call upon Us with hope and fear, and used to umble themselves before Us. [Al-Qur’aan 21:90] It is incumbent. The limbs of the slave in prayer should be still and his heart should be solemn until he may be rewarded for his salaah. It is narrated on the authority of ‘Ammaar Ibn Yaasir (radiallahu ‘anhu) he said: I heard the messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) saying: Verily a man leaves after completing his prayer and nothing has been written for him except a tenth of his salaah, a ninth, an eighth, a sixth, a fifth, a fourth, a third, or half of it. Abu Dawood, An-Nisaa’i, and others and it is an authentic hadeeth] The reason for the shortcoming in its reward is the lack of khushoo’ in the heart of the one who prays or in the limbs. 6. Intentionally preceding the imaam in the movements of the prayer or not following his movements. This nullifies the salaah or rak’ah for whoev er bows before his imaam ruins his own rak’ah unless he follows it later with another bowing. Such is likewise with the rest of the arkaan (pillars) of the salaah. It is obligatory for the praying person to follow the imaam completely without preceding him or lagging behind him in any rukn (pillar) or more. Abu Dawood and others transmit with an authentic chain from Abu Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said: Verily the imaam is to be completely followed, so if he makes takbeer then you make takbeer and don’t make takbeer until he does so, and if he bows then bow and don’t bow until he does so†¦ Its origin is in the two saheehs and Al-Bukhaari has another like it narrated by Anas. The one who forgets or the one who is ignorant is excused. 7. Standing to complete a missed rak’ah before the imaam has completely finished making the second tasleem (i. closing the prayer by saying ‘As-salaamu ‘alaikum wa rahmatullahi to the right and left). It is reported in Saheeh Muslim that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said: Do not precede me in the rukoo’ (bowing) not in the sujood (prostration) nor in going out of the prayer (al-insiraaf). The scholars have said that the meaning of al-insi raaf is at-tasleem and it is named such because the praying person may leave afterwards and he leaves only after the second tasleem. The one who precedes the imaam should stay in his place ntil the imaam has completed his salaah, then he should stand and complete whatever he missed, and Allah knows best. 8. Making the intention for prayer aloud. This is a bid’ah (innovation), and we have previously mention the prohibition against bid’ah. The Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) never made the intention for salaah aloud. Ibn Al-Qayyim, rahimahullah, stated in â€Å"Zaad Al-Ma’aad† or in â€Å"Al-Hudaa An-Nabawiyy†: â€Å"When the Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) would stand for salaah he said: ‘Allahu Akbar’ and said nothing else before it nor did he pronounce his intention aloud. Nor did he say: ‘I will pray for Allah salaah such and such while facing the Qiblah four raka’aat as imaam or follower’. Nor did he say: ‘Fulfilling it on time, not making it up, nor the time of fardh’ all ten of which are bid’ah for which no one has reported that he did with an authentic chain, nor even a weak one, nor musnad, nor mursal, nor a single word. Indeed not one narration of the sahaabah or the best of the following generation (taabi’een), nor the four imaams. † 9. Not reciting Al-Faatihah in the salaah; The recitation of Al-Faatihah is a pillar (rukn) and the salaah of whoever does not recite it is void. This is according to the Prophet’s (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) saying: Whoever makes a salaah wherein Al-Faatihah is not recited then it is khidaaj (miscarried) – and he repeated it three times – incomplete. [Muslim from Abu Hurairah] Also reported in the two saheehs is the hadeeth from ‘Ubaadah Ibn Saamit (radiallahu ‘anhu) marfoo’an (attributable to the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam): The salaah is null for whoever has not recited the Opening of the Book. In another wording from ‘Ubaadah: Could it be that you recite behind your imaam? We said: Yes. He said: Don’t do so except with the Opening of the Book (Al-Faatihah) for the salaah is null of whoever does not recite it. [Ahmed, Abu Dawood, At-Tirmidhi, Ibn Hibbaan. This is evidence of its obligation for the follower. Recitation of the follower is absolute or in the aloud prayers as opposed to what is long known. Whether the recitation of Al-Faatihah is absolute or just in the prayers recited aloud is an old difference of opinion among the scholars. Is it waajib or dropped? The majority of scholars (al-jumhoor) say it is dropped however doing so is more clear from possible error and more precaution for deen. Most of those who have the opinion of it being dropped say that it is nevertheless desirable to recite it. 10. Recitation of the Qur’aan in rukoo’ (bowing position) or during sujood (prostration). This is prohibited based on a narration from ibn Abbaas (radiallahu ‘anhu) that the Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said: I have been prevented from reciting the Qur’aan while bowing or in prostration†¦ [Muslim] Ali (radiallahu ‘anu) narrates he said: The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam prevented me from reciting the Qur’aan while bowing or prostrating. [Muslim and others] 11. Raising the eyes to the sky during salaat or looking to the right and left without due cause. As far as raising the eyes, it is forbidden and bears the threat of punishment. It is narrated by Jabir Ibn Samurah (radiallahu ‘anhu) who said: The Messenger of allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said: Let the people stop raising their eyes to the sky in the salaah or let their sight not return to them. [Muslim] 12. As far as looking around unnecessarily, it is a deficiency in the salaah of the worshipper as long as he has not turned his entire body in another direction [i. . away from the Qiblah]. If however the entire body is turned then the salaah is invalidated. It is narrated by ‘Aisha (radiallahu ‘anhaa) who said: I asked the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) about looking around in the salaah. He said: It is misappropriation pilfered by Shaitaan from the salaah of the worshipper. [Al-Bukhaari]. At-Tirmidhi also collected an authentic ha deeth: Be warned of turning or looking around in the salaah because it is destruction. And there are other ahadeeth on looking around in the salaah. 3. Sitting on one’s haunches (Al-Iq’aa) during the salaah and prostrating with the elbows (AlIftiraash) on the ground. Al-Iqaa’ is forbidden as related by Abu Hurairah (radiallahu ‘anhu) who said: My dear friend forbade me three things: He forbade me from pecking like a rooster [just touching the head in prostration – trans], sitting on the haunches like a dog, and looking around like a fox. Transmitted by Ahmed and others and its isnaad (chain) has by graded hasan (good) by Al-Mundhiri and Al-Haithami. The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) forbade a man from spreading his arms on the ground like a beast of prey. Summarizing a hadeeth collected by Muslim from ‘Aisha (radiallahu ‘anhaa) as well as by At-Tirmidhi, Ahmed and others from Jaabir (radiallahu ‘anhu) marfoo’an (attributable to the Prophet): If any of you prostrates (sajdah) then keep straight and not spread his arms like the sitting of a dog. 14. Wearing a thin (see-through) garment that does not sufficiently cover the ‘auwrah (private area). This is an invalidator of the salaah because covering one’s ‘auwrah is a condition for a sound salaah. The man’s ‘aurah is – according to what is most authentic – from the 1 navel to the knee. Likewise he must cover his shoulders or one of them in accordance with the statement of Allah: O children of Aadam wear you adornments to every masjid. [Al-‘Araaf 31] It is sufficient to wear a single garment to cover the ‘auwrah according to what is narrated from ‘Umar Ibn Salamah (radiallahu ‘anhu): He saw the Messenger of allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam praying in a single garment (thowub) in the house of Umm Salamah, he had cast both ends over himself. Al-Bukhaari and Muslim] Ibn Qudaamah (rahimahullah) stated: It is obligatory to cover sufficiently to hide the color of the skin, for if it is thin enough that the color of the skin may be seen from behind to the extent that the whiteness or redness of the skin is percieved thane salaah in it is not allowed in that covering has not been achieved. 15. A woman not covering her head wit h the khimaar in salaah and not covering her feet. The ‘aurah of the swoman in the sallah is her entire body with the exception of her face. Nor is there any harm if she covers her face due to the passing by of men or the like. It is obligatory for her to wear a khimaar which is a head covering that also covers the bosom. This according to his (slallahu ‘aliahi wa sallam) statement: Allah does not accept the salaah of the menstruating female unless she is wearing a khimaar. [Collected by Ahmed and the collectors of the six most authentic books except An-Nisaa’i and it has be authenticated by Ibn Khuzaimah and others. It is also obligatory that she cover the tops of her feet in compliance with the hadeeth â€Å"The entire woman is ‘auwrah† Collected by AtTirmidhee with an authentic isnaad. Along this same meaning is what is transmitted by Malik and abu Dawood and others from Muhammad Ibn Said Inb Qunfudh from his mother who asked Umm Salamah (radiallahu ‘anhaa), the wife of the Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam), about what garment a woman should pray in. She answered: She 1 The evidence for covering the shoulders is found in an authentic hadeeth in the collection of Abu Dawood, however we were unable to determine why the shaykh exempts one shoulder. should pray in a khimaar and a full, loose-fitting chemise that conceals the tops of her feet. Also with this meaning is the hadeeth of Umm Salamah: Lower it by an arms length. 16. Walking in front of the praying person whether they be the imaam or praying alone and stepping over the people during the Jumua’h khutbah. It is a sin upon the person who passes in front of someone who is praying. If the one praying has no sutrah then it shold be estimated to be at the place of prostration so the passerby should can pass beyond that point. As narrated in the collections of al-Bukhari and Muslim by Abu Juhaim Ibn Haarith (radiallahu ‘anhu), who said: The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said: If the one who passes in front of the praying person knew how serious a sin it was for him to do so it would have been better for him to wait for forty than walk in front of him. [Forty may refer to forty days, months or years, and Allah knows best – Trans. The one who pushes between the people during the Jumua’h khutbah harms people through his being late for the salaah according to the statement of Al-Mustafah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam): Sit for you have caused harm and come late. [Ahmed and others. Cutting between the people is forbidden. One who enters the masjid should sit where there is space unless he sees a genuinely open area wh ere he should then go to it and sit. Not saying the takbeeratul-ihraam (opening takbeer) when entering upon the congregation while the imaam is in rukoo’. This is a major mistake in that the takbeeratulihraam is a pillar (rukn) of the salaah that must be done by the one praying when standing for the salaah and then afterwards join the imam in the bowing position (rukoo’). To make the takbeer (al-ihraam) and then another takbeer before giong into rukoo’ is more complete and thorough. Abu Hurairah (radiallahu ‘anhu) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) would make takbeer when he stood for the sallah and would then make takbeer upon bowing. Not following the imaam (by getting in the same position) when coming late and the imaam is sitting or in sujood (prostrating). It is most preferred and most sure for the one who enters the masjid that he join the imaam in whatever position he may be in, whether he be in sajdah or otherwise. It is reported by abu Dawood and others with a saheeh isnaad that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said: If you come to the salaah and we are making sujood then you also make sujood. For a worshipper to delay making sajdah is to have in effect revented himself from an act of worship which Allah loves. Ali Ibn Abi Talib and Mua’dh ibn Jabal (radiallahu ‘anhumaa) both stated: The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said: If one of you comes to the salaah and the imaam is in a position then do what the imaam is doing. This is collected by At-Tirmidhi with a weak isnaad however it is in agreement with the preceeding hadeeth. It is also stren gthened by a narration collected by Abu Dawood from Mua’dh (radiallahu ‘anhu): I never saw him (the imaam) in a position except I was also upon it. The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said: Verily Mua’dh has performed an act that is good for you too, so do likewise. Busying oneself with matters that take one away from the salaah. This is evidence of preference of the wordly life over that of the Hereafter, following vain desires and being too busy to obey Allah. This is indeed ruination and of evil consequence to whoever does it. Allah ta’aala says: O you who believe, let not yuor wealth or your children divert you from the remembrance of Allah for whyosoever does that will be among the losers. Al-Munafiqoon 9] And He says in praise of the believers: Men who are not diverted by business or trade from the remembrance of Allah and performance of salaah. [An-Noor 37] Preoccupation with any act over the salaah or that leads to being negligant or lazy toward it such as staying up too lateand the like, is not permissible. This is because anything that leads to what is haraam is itself haraam, and Allah is the One who guides to the right path. Playing with one’s clothing or watch or the like. This is an act that negates khushoo’. The evidence for khushoo’ has been presented previously in point 5 [see August Issue – Ed. ]. The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) forbade rubbing pebbles during the salaah due to its negative effect on khushoo’ when he said: If any of you performs the prayer let him not rub pebbles for mercy is turned towards him. [Ahmed and the six 17. 18. 19. 20. collections of hadeeth with an authentic isnaad] A person might increase playing around to the point of excessive movement that is outside of the salaah and thereby nullify it. 21. Closing the eyes for no reason. This is a objectionable act (makrooh) as Ibn Al-Qayyim (rahimahullah) mentioned: â€Å"Closing the eyes was not from the guidance of the Rasool (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam). † He also said: â€Å"The scholars of fiqh have differed on its detestability. Imam Ahmed and others deemed it detestable and they said that it was of the habits of the Jews. However a group of them ruled it allowable without any detestablility and they said that it may indeed be a closer means of achieving khushoo’ which is the spirit of the salaah, its heart and its aim. â€Å"Most correct is that if keeping the eyes open has no detrimental effect upon khushoo’ then it is preferable to do it. If decorations, adornments or the like are around the worshipper or between him and the qiblah to the point of distraction, then there is absolutely no objection to closing the eyes. Indeed the statement that to do so is desirable (mustahabb) in this case is cl oser to the spirit of the law and its aims than the statement that it is objectionable. And Allah knows best. Eating or drinking or laughing in the salaah thus nullifying it. As far as eating and drinking there is consensus with regards to the fardh. Ibn Al-Mundhir stated: â€Å"The scholars (Ahlul‘Ilm) are in consensus agreement that the one praying is forbidden from eating and drinking. There is also consensus among them that to do so intentionally necessitates repetition of the salaah. † Ibn Al-Mundhir also transmits that there is consensus that the salaah is nullified by laughing. Raising the voice in recitation to the point of distracting those around. It is recommended (mustahabb) that one hears himself, not to the point that it interrupts anyone who is reciting the Qur’aan or making salaah. Al-Bukhaari and Muslim both transmit from ‘Umraan Ibn Husain (radiallahu ‘anhu) that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) prayed Dhuhr and there was a man behind him reciting ‘sabbihisma rabbikal‘alaa’ , so when he (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) finished he said: Who among you was reciting or who was the reciter? The man said, â€Å"Me. † So he (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said: I thought that some of you were disputing with me in it. The scholars state: The meaning of his words is a disapproval of the act. Ibn Taymiyyah (rahimahullah) stated: Whoever is reciting the Qur’aan and the people are praying additional prayer then it is not correct for him to recite aloud thus disturbing them because the Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) left some of his companions while they were praying As-Sahr (before dawn) and he said: O people, each of you is seeking salvation from his Rabb therefore do not overpower one another with your recitation. Crowding in on those who are praying. This is a type of forbidden inflicting of harm. It is upon the praying person to pray in a place where the space ends unless he sees an opening sufficient for him to pass and then there is no harm. However, to cause harm, especially on Yaum Al-Jumu’ah (Friday), is generally forbidden. The Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said about those who cut the prayer line: Sit, for you have harmed and come late. Not making the lines straight. Allah has ordered the proper performance of salaah saying â€Å"And establish (aqeemu) the salaah†. The Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) has likewise stated: Straighten your lines for verily straightening of the lines is a part of correct performance of salaah (iqaamis-salaah). Al-Bukhaari and Muslim from Anas. Also AlBukhaari narrates from An-Nu’maan Ibn Basheer (radiallahu ‘anhu): Straighten your lines or Allah will cause opposition between your hearts. The order to straighten the lines and taking care to do so is mentioned in a number of hadeeth. (It should also be mention that this includes not leaving any gaps in the lines as is all too commonly neglected – Ed. Raising the feet from the ground in sujood. This is against what is commanded as it is confirmed in the two saheehs from Ibn Abbaas (radiallahu ‘anhu): The Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) was ordered to prostrate upon seven limbs and not to tuck up the hair or the clothes: the forehead (including the nose), the (palms of the) two hands, the knees and the two feet. So th e one praying is commanded to pray with the two feet touching the ground and the complete form of this is to have the toes pointing toward the Qiblah. Part of each foot should touch the ground and if one raises either of them his sajdah (prostration) is incorrect if he continues to do so throughout the prostration. Putting the right hand upon the left and raising them to the neck. This is in contradiction to the sunnah because the Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) used to put his right hand 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. over his left upon his chest. This is in a hadeeth of Hasan from several weak transmissions in themselves but that in conjunction strengthen themselves. The sunnah is also to place the hands on the middle of the chest or upon the heart because the heart is in the chest as Allah ta’aala states: It is the hearts within the breasts that are blind. Raising the hands (making takbeer) when going into sujood or when rising out of it. It is an error to lift the hands to the neck and this opposes the sunnah. What is attributed to Ali (radiallahu ‘anhu) in the explanation of the verse: So therefore pray to your Rabb and sacrifice (wanhar – in which the verb is construed as referring to the neck [an-nahr] –Ed. ) is weak and does not constitute a proof. Also incorrect is the incorrect practice of holding one’s hands upon or below the navel as there is no substantiated proof from the authenticated sunnah for this practice – Ed) 28. Raising the hands at the time of sujood or when rising out of sujood. This is in opposition to the well-known sunnah that has been transmitted by most of the companions who narr ated about raising the hands. The student of (sharee'ah) knowledge should stick with the well-known sunnah unless in privacy though he may believe a deed to be more correct from the sunnah that nonetheless contradicts the practice of the generality of the scholars. The imaam of the people should do what is known, for what is commonly and well-known to be the sunnah upon which the majority of the scholars' practice, is sufficient and satisfactory. (The wisdom here is that for a student to insist upon public practice of that which is not regarded by the scholars generally as the sunnah may lead to harm and confusion which would amount to forsaking a fardh, i. e. the prevention of harm, for the sake of a establishing a sunnah – and one which is not totally agreed upon at that – and would thus fall into error. The scholars do not generally unite upon any practice without evidence, although the qualified student may disagree a given ruling or conclusion based upon his understanding of the texts and after sincere and thorough study and reaching a state of being personally satisfied with its outcome. – Ed. ) 28. Hastiness of some imaams in the salaah and lack of tranquility within it, thus not allowing time for the followers to be tranquil in their salaah or time to recite Al-Faatihah, especially in the last rak’ah. The imam is responsible for making the quality of the salaah good because he is being followed. It is therefore his duty to take care of following the Sunnah, and tranquility is a pillar (rukn) that the imam is more obliged to take care of due to his being followed. Likewise, the recitation of Al-Faatihah is a rukn that the followers in the salaah must be given enough time to fulfill. We have already presented the evidence for the obligation of maintaining tranquility (tama’neenah) and reciting Al-Faatihah. 9. Not taking care to make sujood upon the seven ‘limbs’ (i. e. the forehead along with the nose, the palms of both hands, both knees, and the toes of both feet). Abbaas Ibn AbulMuttalib (radiallahu ‘anhu) reported that he heard the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) saying: If the slave prostrates, then seven body parts should prostrate with him: His face, hands, two knees, and his two feet. Related by Muslim, also attributed to Al-M ajd in â€Å"Al-Muntaqaa†, Al-Muzzee and related by others. Ibn Abbaas (radiallahu ‘anhumaa) narrated: The Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said: I have been ordered to prostrate upon seven â€Å"bones† (i. e. body parts): Upon the forehead –and he pointed to his nose – both hands, both knees and both feet. There are some people who do not prostrate upon both the forehead and the nose or who raise their feet or who do not touch the palms of their hands on the ground, all of which is in opposition to what is commanded. 30. Not caring to learn the rules of salaah. This is other than what any Muslim should do. No doubt salaah is the greatest of the Islamic pillars requiring bodily action. Allah commands its performance – â€Å"Aqimis-Salaah† (Perform the salaah) – in more than seventy ayaat. It is not possible to perform it without having knowledge of its fundamentals or knowing how the Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) did the salaah. There is no room for ignorance of the rules of salaah, knowing its prerequisites or its essential parts, obligations, the rules for following or making up for errors and the like. It is fardh to know these matters and the absence of knowledge of these matters is a cause of a Muslim being unaware of what nullifies or spoils his salaah, and Allah is the Guide and Provider of Success. 31 – 34. Carelessness in reciting Al-Faatihah and with proper pronunciation such as saying al-‘Aalimeen instead of al-‘Aalameen, ahdinaa instead of ihdinaa, an’amtu instead of an’amta, and so on. All of these and similar errors are the type of linguistic errors that must be avoided and no one who leads the salaat should commit them. Some may contain impossible meanings such as when one pronounces the â€Å"t† (taa’) in â€Å"an’amta† as â€Å"da† (daad) and thus the salaat would be spoiled. 35. Cracking the knuckles in salaah. This is from the detested actions in the salaah and is thus forbidden. As far as cracking the knuckles in general, Ibn Abi Shaibah narrates in a statement with good isnaad, from Shu’bah Mawlaa ibn Abbaas as stating: I prayed next to Ibn Abbaas and I cracked my knuckles so when I finished my salaah he said, â€Å"May you lose your mother! You crack your knuckles while you are in salaah? Forbiddance of cracking the knuckles is transmitted in a marfoo’ hadeeth from Ali in the collection of Ibn Maajah, however, it is weak (da’eef)and not sufficient in an of itself (ghairu munjabir). 36. Intertwining the fingers (at-tashbeek) during and before the salaah. This is also among the detestable matters. Ka’ab Ibn ‘Ujrah (radiallahu ‘anhu) narrates: I heard the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) saying: If one of you makes wudhoo then goes to the masjid for salaah, let him not clasp his hands together for indeed he is in the salaah. Ahmed, Abu Dawood, At-Tirmidhi. With some difference regarding its chain, AdDaarimi, Al-Haakim and others transmit from Abu Hurairah in a marfoo’ hadeeth: â€Å"If one of you makes wudhoo in his house then comes to the masjid, he is in salaah until he returns. Therefore do not do not do like this – and he clasped his fingers together. † There are other mutually supporting hadeeths on this matter of tashbeek. 37. Putting forward someone to lead the salaah as imaam when it is not his place to do so and there are others more deserving present. This contradicts the intended purpose of having an imaam (al-imaamah), which is to be an example to follow (al-iqditaa’). It is necessary that the imaam have understanding of the deen and is able to correctly recite the Qur’aan according to the satatement of the Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam): The imaam of a people should be the one who best recites the Qur’aan†¦) Transmitted by Muslim from Abu Mas’ood Al-Ansaari (radiallahu ‘anhu). The scholars have ruled that one should not be put forward as imaam whose recitation is not good, or who openly displays sinfulness, or who has an undignified appearance, or who is an innovator, or who is corrupt or like them. If however, such people are put forward, the salaah of the followers is correct. 38. Improper recitation of the Qur’aan. This is an open deficiency and the right of the Qur’aan is that it be read correctly without aberration and that the Muslim strives to improve and excel in its recitation. Allah ta'alaa states: Recite the Qur’aan with tarteel [correct measured tone] and When we teach you the Qur’aan, follow its recitation. Meaning, recitation as is proper according to the Arabic language, with clarity and free from distortion. On this same line is the superiority of the one who purifies his intention as is narrated by ‘Kaisha (radiallahu ‘anhaa) who said: The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said, â€Å"The one who is proficient with the Qur’aan will be with the scribes (angels) honorable and obedient. While the one who recites the Qur’aan haltingly and finds difficulty (while striving to recite it properly) gets a double reward. † [matafaqun ‘alaih] 39. Some men praying behind women in the Haram (The Grand Masjid) of Makkah. Doing so there or elsewhere is a detestable action in the salaah. It is from the sunnah that the rows of the women are behind those of the men. The salaah of a man behind a women may be a cause of him losing all khushoo’ and a disturbance in the salaat through his looking (at the woman) or otherwise. A man should therefore never line up for salaah behind a woman. This is not detestable if due to necessity such as not missing the ‘Eid salaah, or Salaatul-Jumu’ah, or the congregational salaah and other similar situations (i. . that make it impossible to join the front rows with the men – Trans. ). A group of scholars have stated: â€Å"The Haram of Makkah is an exception. † Shaykh Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baz (may Allah preserve him) is of this opinion. 40. Women coming to the masjid beautified or made-up and perfumed. This is one of the open and witnessed evils that become apparent during Ramadhan and outside it. The woman is coming out to worship her Master, n ot to show off the beauty of her clothing! Perhaps men may see her and she would then be sinful and she would suffer a loss of reward for her deed. The Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) stated: â€Å"Let not any woman who is scented attend the ‘Ishaa with us. † [Muslim] Imam Ahmed transmits along with Abu Dawood with an authentic chain from Abu Hurairah (radiallahu ‘anhu) that the Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) said: â€Å"Do not forbid the bondwomen of Allah from the houses of Allah, and let them go out tafilaat. † The meaning of the word â€Å"tafilaat† is: Not beautified with adornments or perfumed.

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Direct Instruction Essay Direct Instruction Essay Teacher: Kashawn Prince EDU 706 Assignment: Chapter 8: Lesson Plan: Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback Subject: AppleCare Protection Apple Customer Director Employees October 22, 2013 Target/Objective: Customer Directors will gain the necessary information to become top sellers of the AppleCare Protection Plan by providing customers with the benefits of this service. Materials Needed: Handouts PowerPoint Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to identify the benefits of AppleCare. Students will know the importance of advising customers of AppleCare Students will be able to sell AppleCare Agreements and effectively meet weekly goals. 1. What will be done to help students review and practice the information learned in lesson? Students will watch PowerPoint presentation and also look on Apple website to verify products covered by AppleCare. Students will be able to identify the products and coverage AppleCare provides. Students will be able to advise customers of what services are covered and the price of AppleCare. Students will be quizzed on products and services offered. 2. How will the teacher know if students have learned the information? The students will be monitored daily to verify they have a clear understanding of AppleCare. The student’s weekly goals should also be met. Assessment: Student will be given a quiz at the end of the lesson and PowerPoint to determine their understanding of AppleCare. For future help students will be

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5 Tips on How to Develop a Search Strategy 5 Tips on How to Develop a Search Strategy In academic writing, a â€Å"search strategy† refers to the methods used to find sources. You’ll often have to document your search strategy in the methodology section of a thesis or dissertation. But how do you develop a good search strategy? It depends on what you’re researching, but these five tips are a great starting point. 1. Selecting Databases Your college library should offer access to various academic databases. But not all of these will be relevant to your work (e.g., if you’re studying medicine, you probably won’t need the American Meteorological Society’s Meteorological Geoastrophysical Abstracts database). Unless you take under the weather literally. Consequently, you should either select the most relevant databases via your library’s search engine or access individual databases online. You should also make sure to list the databases used when you write up your search strategy. 2. Search Terms Next, you’ll need to select relevant search terms. Some of these should be obvious based on your research topic (e.g., if you’re writing about mummification in ancient Egypt, you’ll definitely want to search for â€Å"mummification† and â€Å"Egypt†). Well preserved.(Photo: dada/wikimedia) For others, though, you may need to brainstorm related terms. One option is looking at a few papers related to your topic and seeing which keywords they use in their abstracts. 3. Wildcards and Truncation You can increase the number of results you get from a search using â€Å"wildcards† and â€Å"truncation†: Wildcards are symbols used to find alternative spellings of the same term. If a wildcard is represented by a â€Å"!† symbol, for instance, you could search for â€Å"Ram!ses† to find variant spellings of the name (e.g., Ramses, Rameses, Ramesses). Truncations allow you to search for various endings to the same term. So if a truncation is represented by a â€Å"*,† you could search for â€Å"Egypt*† to bring up results that include â€Å"Egyptology† and â€Å"Egyptian.† The symbols for these may depend on the database, so remember to check the â€Å"help† section when using a new database to find out how to use wildcards and truncation. 4. Using Boolean Operators Another way of customizing search results is to use Boolean operators. The three main terms you’ll need here are â€Å"AND,† â€Å"OR,† and â€Å"NOT.† The â€Å"AND† operator allows you to search for papers that contain more than one search term (e.g., â€Å"mummification AND Ancient Egypt†). The â€Å"OR† operator, meanwhile, will return results that feature either of the search terms mentioned (e.g., â€Å"mummification or burial rites†). Or Mummies AND Cats.(Photo: Mario Snchez/wikimedia) â€Å"NOT† lets you exclude certain results from a search. For instance, if you only wanted to find results about ancient Egyptian mummies, you could search for â€Å"mummification NOT bog bodies† to exclude European mummies found in peat bogs.   5. Limiting Searches You can also control searches using limiting conditions. These are the options that allow you to filter certain results for relevance. Common filters include language (e.g., searching only for papers published in English) and date of publication (e.g., searching only for papers published after 2005). The limiters available may depend on the database, but they can be useful if a term returns too many results.

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Rewrite - Essay Example If projects are mismanaged, they may result in high rates of turnover, ineffectiveness, poor productivity and low morale. A project is a process with different phases that are collectively referred to as the project life cycle. Different from business activities such as maintenance and operations, projects involve uncertainty and risk because of their unique nature, their complexity, cost and time constraints, as well as limited resources. This paper seeks to discuss the various phases of project management and its importance for organizations. Phases of Project Life Cycle The project life cycle can be defined as a logical sequence of events meant to achieve the goals and objectives of the project. Despite the complexity or scope of any project, it goes via a series of phases in its lifetime. The first phase is known as the initiation phase, followed by the planning phase, then the execution phase, and finally the closure phase. 1. Initiation Phase In this phase, the project’s phase is defined, as well as the approach that will be taken in order to deliver on the desired output (Keller & Field, 2012). The project manager is elected in this phase, after which he selects other team members taking into consideration their experience and skill. In this phase, the most common methodologies used are project charter, project framework, business plan, justification of the business case, and review of the milestones. The needs and objectives of the project are identified in this phase, and an appropriate response to this is documented with recommended options as solutions in the business case (Keller & Field, 2012). A feasibility study is carried out in order to investigate if every option addresses the objectives of the project, with a final solution being recommended. Issues of justification and feasibility are addressed in this phase. On approval of the recommended solution, the project is initiated in order to deliver on the solutions that have been approved. The major deliverables, as well as the participating work teams, are identified. At this stage, the team begins to shape up, and the project manager then seeks approval to start on the planning phase. 2. Planning Phase Project management’s second phase is also the planning phase where the solution for the project is developed further while focusing on detail. The necessary steps needed to complete the objective set out by the project are then set out (Keller & Field, 2012). During this step, the team members identify all the activities, which should be executed. There is also identification of tasks within the project and the strategy to be used in their fulfillment. This process is synonymously known as scope management. A plan for the project is drawn up including the timeframes, dependencies, tasks and activities. A project manager is tasked with coordinating the budget via the provision of cost estimates for materials and labor. The budget that is drawn up is used contro l and monitor cost expenditures during the execution phase. On identifying the work, preparing the schedule and making an estimate of the cost, then the fundamental components of this phase are complete. This phase acts as the excellent time for identification and dealing with threats to

Oman requires Westerners Essay Example for Free

Oman requires Westerners Essay Carrying out business in Oman requires Westerners to rethink their standard working practices. Simply dispatching the companies most highly qualified and intelligent staff without giving any thought to the wider implications of the character of the individuals is likely to cause the companies presence to fail. Patience and resilience are probably the first two qualities needed alongside professional competence by those being considered for employment in Oman. A willingness to change and adopt a more relaxed approach to local ways and methods is important as Omanis can be almost impossibly frustrating in business negotiations, in timekeeping or when bargaining on price. There are many never dos which may seem trivial but whose result is likely to be out of all proportion. Never lie (or be caught lying) to make a point. This will result in immediate distrust of you and the company. Never patronise or talk down and never show impatience or worse, anger during negotiations. These points will guarantee that you will go no further in that project. But furthermore, as the Omani social network extends in wide and diverse areas, you may find that you are unable to do business anywhere else as well! Equally, you may unknowingly be capitalising on that as well with your good trading practices being passed on. The matter of face and saving face has a great deal of importance when dealing with Omanis. Westerners should be particularly cautious when dealing with a situation which might suggest a fault or limitation, especially if the matter is brought into the public arena such as at an office meeting. Quick offence can be taken and will almost certainly lead to immediate dismissal often from the country on that day! The threat of instant removal from the country should not be discounted as a hyped-up story. It is very real and can be invoked by Omani nationals and lead to you being flown out of the country on the morning or afternoon, that is within a few hours, of the transgression. Lack of time keeping is a major cause of frustration for Westerners. Yet Omanis will always say that they are always available and access to them is simple. Westerners have no concept of the absolute duty that Arabs have towards family situations, which is far greater than those expected in Western societies. A phone call from a brother wanting to see them will take an overriding priority on the day. Unfortunately, a call to reschedule a meeting is unlikely to occur, they will just not appear. The Arab culture is so much different to Western priorities that they just simply cannot comprehend the Western fascination with the minor matter of Time. Patience and plenty of it is an absolute requirement. Another source of irritation is the time it takes to get-to-the-point at meetings, even more so if the point is likely to be contentious or controversial. Arabs will way up the mood and feelings of the decision-makers at the meeting and only bring up unpopular items if the mood is right. They see no point in advertising and bringing up these matters if the influential person or persons are not going to be receptive. Therefore, you may have to await several meetings before an item is discussed. Arabs hate to be the bearer of bad news such as saying no. They will hesitate or defer continually, keeping your hopes alive, when they have no intention of agreeing.