How people recall memories

How people recall memories In 1932 British psychologist Frederick Bartlet put forward a theory of how people organise and recall memory. His idea was that memory is not like a video recorder that can be played back, but that in fact there are a number of factors that lead to distortion and reconstruction of information. His theory is known as reconstructive memory and his ideas are still in use in current psychological research, such as eyewitness testimony, false memory syndrome, and even in the field of artificial intelligence This essay will explain Bartletts theory, its strengths and weaknesses, its implications in the understanding of how the mind organises, stores and recalls information, and how Bartletts ideas have been incorporated and expanded. Bartlett asserted that peoples recall of events is often inaccurate as reconstruction and distortion of information takes place, internally within the mind. The initial stimulus is taken in but as one can only give a certain amount of attention to a stimulus; previous experience, and knowledge, which he referred to as schemas, are used to construct a fuller picture internally. For example, if one was walking down a dark alley one might feel on edge, one suddenly notices a person approaching. An existing schema for this situation would exist and will probably result in the construction of a sinister character approaching, despite having no previous knowledge of the person. A schema is organised previous knowledge, an internal representation of how one perceives the world. Bartlett considered schemas to be maps or structures of knowledge stored in long-term memory. (May 07th 2008) www.wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Schemas In 1932 Bartlett composed a short fable which he named war of the ghosts. The fable was an old Native American folk story which would have been unfamiliar to the western participants. Generally it presented as a logical representation of events but within it was held more subtly illogical or irrational content. The story was recited to the participants who were asked to recall it after twenty hours, and again at varying intervals afterwards. He discovered that most people found it extremely difficult to recall the story exactly, even when the fable was read repeatedly. Bartlet hypothesised that, elements of the story which failed to fit into the schemata of the participant were omitted from their recollection, or reconstructed into more familiar forms. He remarked that people make an effort after meaning to make sense of information; any information which did not correspond with their cultural experiences, norms, or values, or that were unfamiliar, tended to be excluded from the reco llection of the participants. This resulted in a reduced, direct version of the story. Bartlett remarked that in the end, no trace of an odd or supernatural element [was] left: we [had] a perfectly straight forward story of a fight and a death. (2010) www.docstoc.com Bartletts ideas were revolutionary and drew many responses, positive, and negative. Bartletts research into practical aspects of memory, with an approach that set out to study how the human memory system is applied in every day, real life situations, is seen as a fundamental strength of the reconstructive memory model. However, his experiment was criticised for the methods employed. Bartlett was stopping students on their journeys around the Cambridge campus and reciting the war of the ghosts. He would often have to wait until he met them again before he could ask them to recall their version of the story. His methods were considered as being unscientific and his work was rejected by some as a result. Bartletts idea of schemas was rejected as being too vague, and hard to back up with empirical evidence. Also it was argued that Bartletts idea of reading participants an unfamiliar story could have actually been a factor in why participants reconstructed parts of the story when they rec alled it. Despite the criticism, Bartletts ideas regarding schemas, and reconstructive memories, are still in use, and are still prevalent in various fields of current psychological research. The reconstructive memory model was an important breakthrough which is still very much relevant in todays modern world. For example, a fundamental tactic employed by the police to catch and convict criminals is eye witness testimony. But how reliable is this method if memory really works as Bartlett suggested. With the emergence of new technologies such as CCTV, in some cases, it has now been possible to explore the reliability of eye witness testimonies. One example of false eye witness testimony was the case concerning Charles Mendes, a Brazilian man who was shot by police in a case of mistaken identity after the terrorist bombings in London. Witnesses recalled Mr Mendes jumping over the ticket barrier and running away from the police before he was shot dead by the police. Later CCTV footage of the event that emerged clearly showed that this was false information and in fact Charles Mendes actually bought a ticket and only ran to avoid missing the train. Recent tests concerning reconstructive memory have also raised doubt over the reliability of eye witness testimony. In 1974 Elizabeth Loftus conducted a series of experiments to explore the reliability of eye witness testimony. In 1974, Loftus and Palmer conducted experiments in which participants were used in an independent measures design. They were shown footage of a car crash and then separated into three groups of fifty. The first group was asked, how fast were the cars going when they hit each other? The second group was asked the question but the word hit was changed to smashed. The independent variable being the changed word. The third group was not asked the question; this group was used as a control group. The findings showed that the wording of the question directly affected the estimation of the cars speed. When the question was asked using the word hit, the lowest estimation was given. When the question was asked using the word smashed, participants responded with the highest estimation of the cars speed. After seven days, the participants were asked if they had seen broken glass after the accident; Loftus and Palmer found that participants who had been asked the question with the word smashed had been consistently more likely to answer yes (wrongly). The findings of Loftus and Palmers 1974 car crash experiments reinforced and continued the reconstructive memory theory. It has raised questions concerning the reliability of eye witness testimony; as a result of this work, juries are no longer allowed to convict a defendant on the basis of eye witness testimony alone. Their work has also led to the police revising the way they interview witnesses; to avoid misleading questions which could contaminate the original recollection of events, and in order to aid a witness to recall as much of a situation or event as possible, the police now conduct cognitive interviews. The understanding of how the mind stores and retrieves information has aided the police, whose modified interview techniques are now thought to be more successful in drawing often vital details held in the memory of witnesses. These can be used to solve crimes, help to bring dangerous criminals to justice, and are more accurate, hopefully leading to less cases of wrongful convictions due to false information or mistaken identity. There are criticisms that can be directed towards Loftus and Palmer for their experimental methods in 1974; it has been argued that due to a lack of participant variety, the findings of the experiment cannot be viewed as universally applicable as the participants were all students. Another point that has been made is that the results could have been affected by demand characteristics; the participants could have given answers according to what they thought the researchers wanted to hear. It has also been argued that the experiments were artificial; real life situations could have different results. In a real situation there are potentially severe legal and moral consequences involved with distorted recollections of events in a court of law; this is not the case in a laboratory experiment. These concerns have now been addressed by more recent research that has based experiments in a more realistic, every day context. This new research, such as the Open University and BBC project, appears to confirm much of what Loftus and Palmer asserted. Participants witnessed a stabbing and were taken to the station by the police for cognitive interviews. They were unaware that the situation had been staged. Dr Pike, a psychologist involved with the project echoed comments remarked by Elizabeth Loftus when he commented on the findings; speaking of how the mind is malleable, not fixed, he remarked that its not like imputing data into a computer, the mind does not store facts absolutely the way they are and it does not recall them absolutely accurately either. Winterman, D (2010) www.news.bbc.co.uk Further research by Loftus has led to greater understanding of how the mind reacts differently in stressful situations such as at the scene of a crime taking place. It is now understood that when a weapon is involved, ones attention tends to focus on the threatening object. As a consequence, ones recall of peripheral details diminishes. Loftus asserted that weapon anxiety can be responsible for ones inability to recall the perpetrator, and or crucial details or events of a crime. It is now understood that age, and ones emotional state, are factors to be considered concerning accurate recall. It is also widely accepted that people are more likely to misinterpret a situation, make errors, or make crucial mistakes when they are scared or in shock. Although in some instances, an extreme situation can lead to a state of heightened awareness, which can in turn lead to flashbulb memories; potentially extremely accurate detailed memories of an event or situation. Having explored Bartletts theory of reconstructive memory, and later research by Loftus and Palmer that continued it, one can see that these theories have facilitated a much greater understanding of the complexities of human memory. Bartlett put forward an explanation of aspects of human memory that other models of memory do not account for. Most, if not all people would have experience with memories that are vague, or unclear. How many times have you recalled an event, only for the person next to you, who shared the experience with you, to contradict you, with a completely different account of the events? Reconstructive memory puts forward an explanation for why this can happen; of how memory does not always reflect an accurate account of an event or situation. Loftus and Palmers continued research into reconstructive memory has further supported the theory. Their work has had important repercussions in areas such as law and police procedure. The reconstructive memory theory continu es to exert a significant influence in todays modern world. Cardwell M, Clark L, Meldrum C. (2003) Psychology for A Level, Harper Collins. Gross R. (2009) Psychology. The Science of Mind and Behaviour 5th Edition, Hodder Arnold. Gross R, Rolls G. (2003) Essential AS Psychology, Hodder Stoughton. www.google.com/http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/Frederic_Bartlett (accessed 26th April 2010) (May 7th 2008) www.google.com/http://wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Schemas (accessed 26 April 2010) (2010) www.google.com/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/33510508/The-War-of-the-Ghosts/ (accessed 26th April 2010) www.google.com/http://www.s-cool.co.uk/alevel/psychology/human-memory/criti (accessed 26th April 2010) Winterman, D. (2010) BBC Magazine available at www.google.com/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8617945.stm (accessed 28th April)

evolution Essay -- essays research papers

The majority of people in this world believe that a spiritual being created earth. In fact, "most religions and cultures believe the universe was created by a 'creative hand,' either a sky god or some other physical object" (Encarta 1). Think of it, as a trial to see which will win, creation or evolution. It has been the most argued debate in all of history, but creationism is more logical than evolution. To first understand what creation is about, we have to know what creation is. The Bible defines creation as the action by God that brought the universe and all its contents into being. The Bible also states, "God created great whales and every living creature that moveth, and so God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them" (Genesis 1:21, 27). To Doug LaPointe, the author of Top Evidences against the Theory of Evolution, there are nine articles of evidence pointing weaknesses in evolution, or strong points in creation. The first evidence is that there are no links between the fossil record and present times; therefore, there is nothing to show that evolution actually happened. Second, that natural selection cannot advance an organism to a higher order. The third being that although evolutionists believe life just came about, matter resulted from nothing, and humans evolved from animals, all of these are against scient ific and natural understandings. Fourth, even though evolutionists present them a...

Green Computing Research Project Essay

Introduction: Currently many organizations are depending upon the computing environment to manage the process within the work place and become stabilized across different market group. Although most of them are not aware how far the computing environment is impacting the outer area but still to fulfill the requirements it is very much essential for them to go for it. Keeping these things in mind, we have come up with a new project called â€Å"Green Computing Research Project† that mainly aims to improve the computing technology by guiding the organization through better approaches (Deepak, 2005). This project mainly aims to enhance the work functionality by providing many new opportunities in the current market. By getting into this project, the organization will look into more software solutions to reduce energy, improving the performance and efficiency of data centers and focused towards green technology. Requirements: The project will drive each organization towards success path, but the only thing required is cooperation which will ensure a strong motivation for the project development team. As long as the teams support the development team, it will be easy for the organization to get more ideas and gain more techniques to create long term scenario for â€Å"Green Computing Research Project†. Secondly budget is needed timely to avoid any kind of discrepancy in the project development, in fact I will say if the project development has to be mother, it is necessary for all sponsors to look at the situation on regular basis (Stevens, 2002). Apart from that resourcing also plays vital role in deciding the play strategy for the project; a strong resource will take the best approach to make the project success at all possible points and draw the attention of each sponsors. As per the previous discussion, Ben is one of the sponsors for this project and the organization has selected Peter as the p roject manager. Looking at the previous experience of Peter, it is quite obvious to say that Peter could take the opportunity and the five member team led by Peter will have the better scope to manage the vision of this project. It is responsibility of Peter to ensure the correct strategy is made for each resource and they are capable enough to take up the challenges ahead. Here under is official documentation of the project requirements: Stakeholders : Ben ( Sponsor), Peter James (Project Manager), Steve Arnold ( IT support), Kelly Adams ( Researcher ), Sherry Michaels ( Researcher), Antony Gabbot (Researcher), Mohamed (Publisher and researcher) , Amr ( Expert Editor). Project Description: The Main output is to produce are a serious of research reports –one of each green computing technologies listed earlier plus one final report including all data. Also formal project proposal will be demonstrated for the best four recommendations for implementing some of these technologies. Challenges: Working in virtual environment where the whole team works together from different locations. Since different stakeholders will have different views of the requirements, so it is a good idea to create a requirements traceability matrix to trace each developed feature back to the person, group or entity that requested it during the requirements gathering . Test cases and previous project references are used in this RTM. ET is abbreviation to Environmental Technologies program , and GP is abbreviation to Green Computing projects . Questions for Sponsor: For every development activities, sponsors play vital role because they have to provide complete support to take the project ahead and create better opportunities for all major stake holders. It may not be correct to say that sponsors always look for the success because their investment does not allow them to look for failure situation; based on that they try to find out the resources to lead the project activity. For â€Å"Green Computing Research Project† Ben has taken the major sponsors role, in that case peter has to approach with certain questions that will clarify all confusions between development team as well as the sponsors. And also Peter must take few steps to go ahead with some proposal from the users because it will be benefitted for all those people who are fully dependent upon computing environment. The questions for sponsors are described below: What is expectation level from â€Å"Green Computing Research Project† Will you provide a complete support during any of the major disaster period Provide a complete description of your availability for this project What kind of priority you have for this project How will you accept the project result and make it use for other stake holders Will you facilitate proper problem solving skills Scope Statement: The project â€Å"Green Computing Research Project† will bear all necessary terms and conditions before being released to deliverable stage. We as in development expect the users will be facilitated with necessary information  to take the project in right way so that there won’t be any kind of miss understanding (Kousholt, 2007). After the entire project aims to provide opportunities to all stake holders who are dependent upon the computing environment. A. Deliverables: A complete structured wise computing environment to stabilize the computing activities and provide better opportunities to grab new opportunities A fine technology where the organization can create the base to run the process Highly efficiency and compatible devices to take up the major load activities across all units Technical guidance along with other support to ensure the safe installation B. Milestones: Project approved—Jan 1st Foundation poured—Jan 2nd QC and other parallel activities- Jan15th-Jun16th Final Inspection- May 16th-June 4th C. Technical Requirements: All stake holders must have complete knowledge about the project surrounding Technical experts must be available for any emergency Complete R&D support Additional Training programs for the developer Solid computing platform for conducting frequent test D. Limits and Exclusions: Team will be strict to the design as per the prior decision Continuous support must be needed during any of the emergency Measuring device will not be placed in the project Development team reserves all rights to ask if anything goes beyond contract Project manager is responsible for entire quality measure Working hours is limited From Mon-Fri 8.30 AM to 5.30 PM E. Final Review: CIO and Ben Organization will review four recommendations out of 20 projects. Proposal for recommended project Included documented researches, test cases, and Business case for each project. References: Khazanchi, Deepak (2005). Patterns of Effective Project Management in Virtual Projects: An Exploratory Study. Project Management Institute. ISBN 9781930699830, Retrieved from: http://www.pmi.org/en/Knowledge-Center/Research-Completed-Research/Patterns-of-Effective-Project-Management-in-Virtual-Projects.aspx Martin,Stevens (2002). Project Management Pathways: Association for Project Management. APM Publishing Limited, 2002 ISBN 1-903494-01-X, Retrieved from: http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Project_Management_Pathways.html?id=UaIuQpPM4yMC&redir_esc=y Bjarne, Kousholt (2007): Project Management: Theory and practice. Nyt Teknisk Forlag. ISBN 87-571-2603-8, Retrieved from: http://www.zoominfo.com/p/Bjarne-Kousholt/1780174067

The World System Theory Created By Immanuel Wallerstein

The world system theory created by Immanuel Wallerstein suggests that wealthy countries benefit from other countries and exploit their resources and citizens. This model recognizes the minimal benefits that are enjoyed by citizens of low status, as well as the maximal benefits enjoyed by citizens of high status. This suggests that a country’s economic development is based off the capitalist world system. Wallerstein believes the capitalist world-economy is based on the creation of surplus appropriation through the expansion of productivity. As a result, this benefits the elite by increasing profits. â€Å"The capitalist world-system is based on a two-fold division of labor in which different classes and status groups are given differential access to resources within nation states; and the different nation states are given differential access to goods and services on the world market.† (Elwell 2013) Both of these markets are distorted by power. Wallerstein divides the capitalist world-economy into three main areas: peripheral, semi-peripheral, and core states. The periphery states are the least developed and are exploited by the core nations. They provide cheap labour, raw materials, and agricultural production for core nations. To gain easy and cheap labour, landlords forced rural workers into a second serfdom on their estates. The semi-periphery is located between the periphery and the core, and they represent either core regions in decline, or periphery regions attempting toShow MoreRelatedMarxism Of The Cold War And The Triumph Of Capitalism1528 Words   |  7 PagesMarxism has found great appeal as a political thought for several class-based revolution and have been the theoretical basis for the policies and politics of several regimes across the world. 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These are Realism, Liberalism, Idealism, Neo- Marxism, Constructivism, and Feminism. In an essay format answer, you are to discuss the main characteristics of each worldview. One of the peculiarities of research of international relations is the variety of conceptual constructions

Carl Jung s Theory Of Collective Unconscious - 901 Words

Villa 1 Jesus Villa Professor Carrera World Class Literature 4351 09 December 2015 Essay 3 For my last and final essay of this semester I chose to answer questions number five, six and seven. I simply chose these series of questions due to the fact that I’ve had all of the Freud I could possibly take for one semester. All the questions I’ve selected are involving Carl Jung and not Sigmund Freud. To begin with my essay let’s start with question number five which asks to explain Jung’s notion of â€Å"collective unconscious†. I very strongly believe that Jung’s concept of collective unconscious is mainly based on his personal experiences with people who suffer from schizophrenia which he gained form when he worked with them at the Burgholzli hospital. At first Jung chose to follow the Freudian theory of unconscious, but later on Jung eventually chose to go down his own path and decided to develop his own theory on unconscious which would feature totally new concepts. Most importantly being the archetype. Archetypes constitute the structure of the collective unconscious, which are the psychic innate dispositions to experience and represent the basic human behavior and situations. For example, Mother and child relationship which is mainly governed by the mother archetype. The Father and child relationship is mainly governed by the Father archetype. Birth, death, power and failure are controlled by archetypes. Villa 2 The religious and mystique experiences are also governedShow MoreRelatedCritique Of Carl Jung s Theory Of The Collective Unconscious1103 Words   |  5 PagesCritique 3- Discussion of Carl Jung Discuss the Analytical Theory of Carl Jung. Do not complete a Theory Template for this theorist. Instead complete the following discussion questions: 1. Explain the Jungian concept of the collective unconscious. Ans: Among Jung s numerous hypotheses is the collective unconscious. 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PartRead MoreSigmund Freud, Neurologist And Founder Of Psychoanalysis,1320 Words   |  6 Pagespsychoanalysis, paved the way of dream interpretation with little competition or suspicion to his discoveries. That was until the rise of his former advocate, Carl Jung, began to challenge the founders beliefs. While working together, Jung and Freud explored the human mind and jointly agreed on the separation of the conscious and unconscious. Within the unconscious and dreams there was a mutual understanding of the need to identify and interpret symbols. They wanted to give ground to dreams and find the reasonsRead MoreCarl Gustav s Collective Unconscious870 Words   |  4 PagesThe Swiss physician and psychiatrist, Carl Gustav Jung, lived from 1875 to 1961. Jung corresponded frequently with Sigmund Freud and based much of his early work upon Freud s ideas. However, Jung’s theories diverged from Freud’s ideas in 1913 and he pioneered a new field called analytical psychology (Young-Eisendrath). Jung s work in psychology led him to become referred to as the â€Å"Darwin of the Mind† (Ritvo). Jung believed in a collective unconscious, which he defined as an inherited knowledge

Romeo And Juliet Essay On Death - 1548 Words

Throughout the play Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare shows Romeo’s infatuation with two things: death, and Juliet, one overpowering the other. Romeo is suicidal; everything related to eternal rest peaks his interest. Juliet causes Romeo to die which reveals that Juliet did what death itself could not. She helped Romeo forget about the harsh realities of the world, whereas death allowed Romeo an option in the end where he could be alongside his one and only true love. Whether it be in hell or heaven, Romeo would have followed Juliet anywhere. Despite Romeo’s obsession with death, his constant references to Juliet suggests that it is not true. From the first time Romeo lays his eyes on Juliet, he was entranced by her beauty and falls in love†¦show more content†¦I am content, so thou wilt have it so/Come, death, and welcome! Juliet wills it so† (3.5.17-18 and 24). Romeo is content with dying if Juliet wills it so. This brings light to the fact that Romeo does not worry about himself or about anything other than Juliet when he is with her. When he goes to Mantua, Romeo quickly becomes depressed. He complains that, â€Å"heaven is here, where Juliet lives, and every cat and dog and little mouse, every unworthy thing, live here in heaven and may look on her, but Romeo may not† (3.3.29-32). Romeo reveals that anywhere outside Verona is a place of purgatory if the unworthiest of creatures are able to gaze upon Juliet’s beauty while he is stuck in Mantua. As a result, he believes that the banishment is worse than dying as he is tortured by the fact that he may never be able to see her again without t he risk of being killed. The only way for Romeo to be together with Juliet is through the means of dying. As Romeo heard of Juliet’s deceasement, he rushes to go to Verona despite the evident threat to his life, with poison, to kill himself alongside Juliet. He kills himself just before Juliet woke up. Juliet then kills herself so that they may be together in the afterlife regardless of if it is hell or heaven. Suicide is considered an utmost sin in Christianity and by killing himself, he rescinded his beliefs and religion to be with the one he loved. They both revoke their religion in order to be with each other, neither of them caringShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Deaths of Romeo and Juliet1166 Words   |  5 PagesThe Deaths of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life; I dont agree with the quotation above because I think the tragic deaths of both Romeo and Juliet are caused by human decision. It is an indirect result of the decisions and actions Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeares plays about tragedy. It is aboutRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Death Essay715 Words   |  3 PagesDestination, where death is unstoppable. Every decision and action made by the characters can be fated by the universe. 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Information Security Privacy and Security Issues

Question: Discuss about the Information Security for Privacy and Security Issues. Answer: Introduction The Big data is one of the emerging areas that are used to manage datasets, whose size is beyond the capability of commonly used software tools for capturing, managing and analyzing the amount of data. According to Sagiroglu and Sinanc ( 2013), conventional security systems are tailored to computer infrastructures which are confined with well defined perimeter of security as the public clouds helps big data in expanding. The report endorses the significant aspects that are related with the security and privacy of big data. The contents of the report helps in unearthing the challenges that are related with big data, relevant technologies associated with big data, its applications and their impacts. Description about the Privacy and security issues associated with Big Data According to Kaisler et al. ( 2013), with the increase in accessibility of big data, privacy as well as security concerns are growing day by day. Data sharing has become one of the most significant tasks before the governmental agencies, scientist and businessman. The technologies as well as tools are developed for managing the data sets which are not designed for proper privacy or security measures. On the other hand, Kim et al. (2014) argued that the tools and technologies are not incorporated adequately for security measures due to lack of training and fundamental understanding about the requirement. The procedure of big data also lacks adequate policies for ensuring compliance with the present approaches of privacy as well as security (Hashem et al., 2015). The present technological advancement towards privacy or security of data is increasingly being breached. It is done either intentionally or it happens accidentally, therefore the most important need is to update the present a pproaches in order to prevent the challenges and issues that are associated with the process of data leaking. Challenges associated with Big Data The Big Data is an area of risk that needs to be considered as it includes lifecycle which is associated with the ownership as well as classification of data on the basis of collection and creation procedure and lack of security processes (Riggins Wamba, 2015). As Big Data is one of the significant as well as complex topic it is always associated with the challenges and security issues. The challenges of Big Data have a direct impact on the designs of security issues that are required for tackling the characteristics and requirements. According to Kshetri (2014), CSA has divided the different challenges of big data which are associated with the privacy as well as security issues in four different aspects of the big data ecosystems. The aspects include security of Infrastructure, Data management, Data security Reactive security and Integrity. Each of the aspects faces lot of security issues which includes secured Distributed Data processing, Granular audits, Data security associated with Cryptographic solutions, Secure storage and Transaction logs associated with data and many more (Chaudhuri, 2015). All this security as well as the challenges that are related with the privacy of Big Data covers the whole spectrum of the cycle of Big Data, Its sources of data production, Storage and processing of data, data transportation and storage on different devices. On the other hand, Tene and Polonetsky (2012) argued that a specific aspect of Big data security and privacy needs to be related with the rise of internet of thin gs. The increase in the number of connected devices has led the manufacturers in the market for short period of time for exploiting the opportunity. It helps in providing tremendous benefit and opportunities to the users who are responsible for security or privacy challenges. According to Inukollu et al. (2014), there are many identified security issues which are associated with the insecure web interface, insufficient authentication and insure services of network. Insecure web interface allows an attacker to exploit the web interface of the administration and thus it helps in unauthorized access to control the internet of things device. Insufficient authorization also raises privacy concerns. It allows a hacker to exploit the policy of password in order to access the privileged mode on the devices of IoT (Marx, 2013). Insecure network services exploits services of the devices that are related with the devices of Internet of Things. On the other hand, Grolinger et al. (2014) stated that few more privacy concerns or challenges that are related with the security system of Big Data. The challenges are due to insecure interface of mobile, insufficient configurability of security and insecure cloud interface. Due to lack of configuration, an attacker can easil y access the data or have control on the devices (Action et al., 2014).It is also stated that without effective security control an hacker or attacker can use various vectors such as account enumeration, insufficient authentication for accessing data with the help of the mobile interface. Description of relevant technologies The topic of big data encompasses many trends which includes development of new technologies that helps the users to consider and handle the Big Data properly. According to Wu et al. (2014), there is no comprehensive Big Data technology for resolving the challenges because the big data project companies are very much different from one another therefore, a proven complete certification is not yet provided although some of the vendors like IBM have announced several programs related with certification. On the other hand, Boyd and Crawford (2012) stated that hadoop is synonymous with the term big data and it is very much famous for handing huge amount of data. The Distributed file system of Hadoop helps in enabling highly scalable as well as redundant storage of data for executing various types of projects. Analytical databases are used for the purpose of data processing. Many of the techniques use connectors in order to integrate with the system of Hadoop (Dou et al., 2015). The techn ology of big data is divided into two components which are software and hardware component. The hardware component of the structure consists of infrastructure layer whereas the software part or the component is categorized into management software, discovery and analytics software, automation and decision support software. According to Kaushik and Jain (2014), Infrastructure is considered to be the foundation of Big Data technology stack. The main components that are very much necessary for the storage procedure includes standard of the industry, servers and networking bandwidth of about 10 Gbps. The storage systems are designed in a very much flexible way for supporting capabilities in memory delivered systems. On the other hand, Wu et al. (2014) stated that the layers that are associated with the processes of the software and prepares both structured as well as unstructured analysis helps in extracting, normalizing and integrating data. The architectures of data management and organization include RDBMS (Relational Database Management System ) and the NoSQL database management system (Action et al., 2014). The database management systems are designed in order to manage different types of data. Application of the technologies According to Grolinger et al. (2014), Apache Hadoop has several applications in lowering the cost barriers that are related with processing and analyzing of big data. Technical barriers remain but the applications that are related with the Hadoop system are highly complex. On the other hand, Boyd and Crawford (2012) stated that there are many application of Hadoop system. It is mainly used in analyzing life-threatening risks, warning signs for security breaches and also helps in preventing hardware failure. According to Marx (2013), machines create a lot of information in order to explore the applications of Hadoop. Capturing data from HVAC systems helps in identifying problems with locations and products. On the other hand, Tene and Polonetsky (2012) argued that hadoop are used in streaming projects, complex event processing, replacing SAS. In order to make the Hadoop applications accessible thoroughly to the organizations, the system needs to be integrated for the overall flow of data. Talend Open Studio is one of the ideal tools that help in integrating the application inside the architecture of data (Chaudhuri, 2015).It helps in providing more built-in connector components than any other integration of data. The connectors help in writing in any format, database or packed enterprise application. Clarification of Vague Areas According to Kaushik and Jain (2014), despite of the presence of Big Data technologies that are available in the market, enterprises are struggling a lot in order to take proper advantage of the big data. It is because the organizations fail to fulfill certain criterias which include implementing mechanism for combining data from different sources and proper industrializing of the entire data (Grolinger et al., 2014). Combining technology stacks for facilitating successful effective aggregation, analysis, ingestion and combining data for providing ROI for the implementation purpose of Big Data. The organizations must have to jump over some of the hurdles for implementing effective and proper strategies that must be related with Big Data. On the other hand, Riggins and Wamba (2015) stated that for resolving the challenges the enterprises needs to follow some steps. It includes codifying problems that are solved with the help of Big Data. The experts of the enterprise must need to agree upon certain criterion which helps in explaining the type of data that is collected and its sources from where the data is collected. The resolving procedure also includes creation of right data that are required for the core implementation by processing the collected data (Tene and Polonetsky, 2012). The enterprises always increase the size of the data sample without taking much time for verifying whether the model is accurate or not. If the data model is tested and the test is successful, then also the enterprises have to be careful. Conclusion It can be concluded that the Big Data faces lot of challenges due to privacy or security issues. There is lot of challenges which needs to solve in order to mitigate the issues. The Big Data is an area of risk that desires to be considered as it includes lifecycle which is related with the possession as well as categorization of data on the basis of gathering and formation procedure and lack of security processes. It is analyzed that there are several gaps in the technologies that are used for managing and processing Big Data analytics. Therefore proper steps and measures needs to be considered in order to reduce the gaps as well as in mitigating the challenges. References Action, C., Watchdog, C., Rights, P. P., Clearinghouse, P. R., American Library Association. (2014). Coalition Letter to Director Holden to Petition for OSTP to Conduct a Public Comment Process on Big Data and the Future of Privacy. Boyd, D., Crawford, K. (2012). Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon.Information, communication society,15(5), 662-679. Chaudhuri, S. (2012, May). What next?: a half-dozen data management research goals for big data and the cloud. InProceedings of the 31st ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGAI symposium on Principles of Database Systems(pp. 1-4). ACM. Dou, W., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Chen, J. (2015). HireSome-II: Towards privacy-aware cross-cloud service composition for big data applications.IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,26(2), 455-466. Grolinger, K., Hayes, M., Higashino, W. A., L'Heureux, A., Allison, D. S., Capretz, M. A. (2014, June). Challenges for mapreduce in big data. In2014 IEEE World Congress on Services(pp. 182-189). IEEE. Hashem, I. A. T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N. B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A., Khan, S. U. (2015). The rise of big data on cloud computing: Review and open research issues.Information Systems,47, 98-115. Inukollu, V. N., Arsi, S., Ravuri, S. R. (2014). Security issues associated with big data in cloud computing.International Journal of Network Security Its Applications,6(3), 45. Kaisler, S., Armour, F., Espinosa, J. A., Money, W. (2013, January). Big data: issues and challenges moving forward. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 995-1004). IEEE. Kaushik, M., Jain, A. (2014). Challenges to Big Data Security and Privacy.International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies (IJCSIT),5(3), 3042-3043. Kim, G. H., Trimi, S., Chung, J. H. (2014). Big-data applications in the government sector.Communications of the ACM,57(3), 78-85. Kshetri, N. (2014). Big dataÃâ€" ³ s impact on privacy, security and consumer welfare.Telecommunications Policy,38(11), 1134-1145. Marx, V. (2013). Biology: The big challenges of big data.Nature,498(7453), 255-260. Riggins, F. J., Wamba, S. F. (2015, January). Research directions on the adoption, usage, and impact of the internet of things through the use of big data analytics. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 1531-1540). IEEE. Sagiroglu, S., Sinanc, D. (2013, May). Big data: A review. InCollaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS), 2013 International Conference on(pp. 42-47). IEEE. Tene, O., Polonetsky, J. (2012). Big data for all: Privacy and user control in the age of analytics.Nw. J. Tech. Intell. Prop.,11, xxvii. Wu, X., Zhu, X., Wu, G. Q., Ding, W. (2014). Data mining with big data.IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering,26(1), 97-107.